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Causes:
- Enfield rifle greased with beef/pork fat
- Governor-General Dalhousie: Doctrine of Lapse
- Westernisation Events
- Managal Padney attacked British officer
- Sepoys in Meerut resisted and marched to Delhi
- British reinforcements arrived
- Cawnpore rebellion massacre
- British took back Delhi, Kanpur Lucknow Consequences
- The Devil's Wind
- Abolition of EIC
- Reorientation of administration and defence -
- EIC abolished
- India passed into direct rule of the British Crown
- Positions created: Secretary of State, India Council, Viceroy
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Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Egypt to create the Suez Canal Company in 1858
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Starved Britain of cotton and made them turn to Egypt
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Caused a 'diamond rush' of British and Bantu miners
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Benjamin Disraeli = imperialist
William Gladstone = colonies should be self-governing -
Home of the indigenous Khoikhoi and Sotho people
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1871 - British annexed West Griqualand
~2000 Griqua people (mixed Boer and Khoikhoi descendents) trekked east
1873 - East Griqualand established
1874 - British annexed East Griqualand -
Benjamin Disraeli asserts the Conservative Party as the 'party of empire'
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£4 million
Isma'il Pasha was in debt and needed money -
The Boers reluctantly accepted British aid as they were losing against the Pedi people
Led to the defeat of the Pedi people in 1879 -
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Resulted in British annexation of the Xhosa to the Cape
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Sir Bartle Frere issued an impossible ultimatum to the Zulus because he wanted to instigate a war to create a British federation in South Africa
Battle of Isandlwana - Zulu victory
British reinforcements sent
Battle of Ulundi - British victory
Zululand absorbed into Natal -
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Boer victory
Ended with the British signing the Convention of Pretoria to recognise Boer self-government -
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Causes:
- 1877 Gordon appointed Governor-General of Sudan
- He broke up slave markets, angering Sudanese Event:
- 1881 Muhammad Ahmad declared himself the Mahdi and created jihadist army
- 1884 Gordon ordered to withdraw but stayed
- 1885 Gordon killed, Mahdi died and succeded by Khalifa Abdullah
- 1898 Battle of Atbara + Battle of Omdurman won by Anglo-Egyptian forces under Kitchener Consequences:
- 1898 The Fashoda incident
- 1899 Condominium agreement, Sudan becomes British protectorate -
Causes
Tewfiq reduced the army to 2/3 and imposed tax to try save the economy Events
- 50 Europeans were killed in Alexandria
- Gladstone sent British forces
- British defeated Arabi and restored Tewfiq as a puppet ruler Consequences
- Egypt becomes a client state
- Major Evelyn Baring was installed as Consul-General
- Army put under the command of Kitchener
- Increase in population due to improved sanitation/health services -
Created veiled protectorate
Held orientalist views
Resigned after Denshawai incident -
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Bechuanaland was situated between German territory and Boer territory so the British strategically annexed the land in between them to prevent them from combining
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Form of opposition to British rule
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Caused a 'gold rush' of British uitlanders
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Appointed by Joseph Chamberlain
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British established influence in Nigeria in return for French establishing influence in Madagascar British established influence in Zanzibar in return for Germany establishing influence in Tanzania
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Jameson planned to join his troops with the uitlanders to rally against Kruger's government
They never joined - Kruger's forces defeated Jameson's forces
Cecil Rhodes resigned as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Led to the Second Anglo-Boer War -
Chinese/Indian indentured labourers
'Lunatic line'
Kedong massacre by the Masai
Tsavo incident by lions -
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Herbert Kitchener and the french Jean-Baptise Marchand clashed at Fashoda in Sudan over the British/French claim to the land
British and French governments agreed on geographic spheres of influence
Largely sensationalised in the press as being the brink of war even though not much happened -
Appointed by Lord Salisbury
-Improved agriculture
-Re-armed regiments
-Promoted education
-Founded Imperial Cadet Corps
1905 - Partitioned Bengal and resigned due to backfire -
Alfred Milner and Kruger met to sort the Uitlander issue
-Milner demanded citizenship rights after 5 years' residency
-Kruger offerred 7 years
-Milner refused (stubborn and intransingent attitude)
-Kruger issues ultimatum demanding withdrawal of British troops
Led directly to the Second Anglo-Boer War -
Causes:
Uitlanders denied voting rights - The Jameson Raid - The Bloemfontein conference
Events:
Herbert Kitchener's 'scorched earth policy' - Boer homes and farms burned
Khaki election
Consequences:
1902 Treaty of Vereeiging - British granted £3 million to the Boers in compensation for the scorched earth
1906 Transvaal granted self-governing rights
1907 Orange River Colony granted self-governing rights
1910 Union of South Africa established (Transvaal, Orange River Colony, Cape Colony, Natal) -
UK general election ended with Conservative landslide victory as it was believed that the Second Anglo-Boer War was coming to a resolution
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Poll tax caused the Zulus in Natal to demonstrate at the poll stations
The British declared martial law and crushed guerilla attacks with maxim guns -
France respected Britain's rights in Egypt in return for respecting France's rights in Morocco
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Bengal was split into Muslim East and Hindu West because it was too big to administrate
Hindus that had land in the East were upset -
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Indian National Congress led strikes and boycotts of British goods under Skrendranath Banerjee
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Direct British control
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