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Bear River was diverted into the basin about 50,000 yr BP; Pederson et al. 2016).
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A core taken from Great Salt Lake between Carrington Island and Promontory Point (core GSL00-4, Fig. 1), has been interpreted (Balch et al. 2005) as indicating that at times during the past ~200,000 yr ostracodes and gastropods lived in wetland environments on what is now the floor of Great Salt Lake. 200 ka to 30 ka
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WS2 deposited (150 cm - 30 ka, 284 cm ~34 ka)
faster depositional rate when no ostracodes (~0.48-0.5mm/yr), depositional rate when ostracodes was ~0.18-0.2 mm/year Carb actually goes to 90 cm...assume 0.2 mm rate for 55 cm - means ends at ~27 ka. -
WS2 deposited (150 cm - 30 ka, 284 cm ~34 ka)
faster depositional rate when no ostracodes (~0.48-0.5mm/yr), depositional rate when ostracodes was ~0.18-0.2 mm/year -
Miller et al, 2008 ~28 ka
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Hart 2004 -
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the Gilbert episode occurred at the tail end History of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: since the Termination of Lake Bonneville of the Younger Dryas, but earlier in the Younger Dryas (that is, between the end of Lake Bonneville at about 13,000 yr B.P. and the Gilbert episode) that lake levels were likely low, similar to modern lake levels, although no shorelines of that age have been identified.
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However, rivers and wetlands were much more extensive than today (at least in the western Bonneville basin) from ?12.9 to 9.8 ka cal (Oviatt et al., 2003), prob- ably due to Sevier-basin overflow and to groundwater discharge.
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The most secure inter- pretation may be that the early and middle Holocenes were warmer and/or drier than the late Holocene (and/or that enhanced summer insolation during these periods had direct effects on the indicators).(Oviatt et al, 2021)
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end of the Gilbert ~11,500 yr BP) - ~10,000 yr BP, sedimentation differed inGSL from that of most of postGilbert (Oviatt et al. 2015). Flat, finely laminated mud with brine-shrimp cysts (egg cases) was deposited at that time, in contrast to the ripple-laminated, brine-shrimp fecal-pellet mud was deposited over most of the lake floor after 10,000 yr BP. GSL undisturbed laminations, showing that wave energy did not reach the bottom of the shallow lake, suggest that the lake was stratified.
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GSL levels lower than average Thompson 2016 Is this when salts (halite and mirabilite) were deposited in the cores of Spencer et al, 1984? (Cores E and F) salts deposited before Mazama and after gilbert Jones et al - interpret the deposition of salts to occur subsequent to the Gilbert shoreline
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OSL data 11.2 ka (get C-14 date?)
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isostatic rebound of the basin was probably complete prior to the Gilbert episode. Stratigraphic and geomorphic observations support this hypothesis (Oviatt 2014). If so, no isostatic rebound has occurred in the basin during the Holocene. (Fig. 2; Bills et al. 1994; Bills, B., written communication, 2020) (isostatic depression of Earth’s crust beneath the lake basin was essentially keeping up with rising lake level and increasing water load during the transgressive phase). Miller et al. (2013)
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The Gilbert-episode Lake was brackish and supported ostracodes (Oviatt 2014) in the deepest part of the basin, that is, in the area of modern Great Salt Lake. However, in the Great Salt Lake Desert, where evaporation dominated over inflow, the Gilbert-episode Lake may have been more saline. Evaporation did not render GSL saline enough for ostracodes to be replaced by brine shrimp until immediately after the Gilbert episode (Oviatt 2014; Thompson et al. 2016). (Oviatt 2014; Oviatt et al. 2005).
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10.9 to 8.5 ka - early holocene wet period
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Benson 2011, Louderback and Rhode
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Although it is known that Great Salt Lake rose to 1289 m (4230 ft) after the Gilbert episode (Oviatt et al. 2015) (see discussion below), that lake transgres- sion did not leave a stratigraphic record at the Baileys Lake site
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No evidence has been found of wetland environments anywhere on the floor of Great Salt Lake during the past 13,000 yr (Grey and Bennett 1972, p. 4; Balch et al. 2005; Dinter and Pechmann 2014; examination of many sediment cores from Great Salt Lake by Oviatt and Thompson, 1995-present). (wetland wound indicate low water level and movement of wetlands/river mouths to basin center
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Post-Bonn but Pre-Mazama
Colman et al. (2002) interpreted seismic profiles of Great Salt Lake sediment as indicating truncation at “a very slight angle” stratigraphically beneath the Mazama ash and above the Lake Bonneville deposits. They thought the truncation might represent an “unconformity However, in our examination of sediment cores from different locations in Gilbert Bay, we have seen no indication of such an unconformity. -
6.5 ka
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Louderback 2009
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Pinus and Artemisia pollen percentages decreased during the earliest Holocene, and Amaranthaceae pollen rose to its maximum percentages at ?8.2 cal ka (Louderback and Rhode, 2009). A
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Great Salt Lake may have experienced higher levels between about 8000 and 6000 yr BP Thompson et al 2016
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The age of the Mazama ash is well-known because numerous radiocarbon ages of associated materials have been obtained in western North America (Bacon 1983; Hallet et al. 1997), and its age has been determined by counting annual layers
in the Greenland ice sheet (Zdanowicz et al. 1999). Its radiocarbon age is 6790 ± 100 14
C yr BP, and its calibrated age is 7630 ± 150 cal yr BP. Thompson et al./, 2016 - also express that there may have been C-14 evidence of erostion in pre-Mazama layers -
On the western periphery of the Bonneville basin, Louderback and Rhode (2009) found signs of cooler and/or moister conditions beginning ?6.5 cal ka, following nearly 2000 years of relatively warm and dry conditions at Blue Lake. Here marshes replaced playas and grass meadows, and Artemisia increased relative to other, more xerophytic shrubs
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GSL levels lower than average Thompson 2016
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Rhode (2009) identified an interval of cooler climate from ?4.4 to to cooler conditions from ?2.7 to ?1.5 cal ka. Although the timing does not ?3.4 cal ka, with warmer conditions from ?3.4 to ?2.7 cal ka, and a return precisely align, the sequence of changes inferred at Blue Lake is similar to the GSL96+ sequence through subzone E2, and, given the uncertainties involved in dating, they may actually be correlative.
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3000 and 2000 yr BP Thompson et al 2016
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By 1824, Jim Bridger and other mountain men had explored the Great Salt Lake Desert region.
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In 1826, Jedediah Smith led the first known party of white men across the area. The accounts of their hardships caused travelers to avoid the area for nearly twenty more years. (From Carpenter memo 2001)
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An expedition was sent to the area in 1833 by Captain B.L.E. Bonneville, for whom the salt flats are named. Later expeditions provided proof that the eastern Great Basin was once filled by an ancient lake ... Lake Bonneville. Captain Bonneville, however, never
visited the salt flats. (from BLM ~2000 BSF pamplet) -
The first recorded crossing of the salt desert was made
in 1845 by Kit Carson, Basil Lajeunesse, Lucien
Maxwell, and Auguste Archambeau for Captain John
C. Fremont's survey party. Fremont's government
explorations were the first attempts at scientifically
investigating the Great Basin (from BLM BSF pamphlet, ~2000) -
"This desert had been represented to us as only forty miles wide, but we found it nearer eighty. It was a dreary, desolate e, alkali waste; not a living thing could be seen; it seemed as though the hand of death had been laid upon the country" (Virginia Reed Murphy, Donner-Reed Party, 1846) In early 1846, 23 year old Lansford Hastings retraced
Fremont's trail across the salt plain and was convinced
this was a quicker, better route to California. -
The first recorded use of the BSF for racing occurred by W. D. Rishel, who came upon the area in 1896 when charting a course for a New York to San Francisco bicycle race. He returned eleven years later (1907) in a 4-cylinder Pierce Arrow but turned back after sighting what he later found to be a mirage. He returned four years later (1911) in a Packard, drove across the salt, and became convinced it had a future as a land speed racing track.(Carpenter memo ~2001)
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Western Pacific Railroad line constructed through Bonneville Salt Flats. This westward rail expansion pierced the Salduro Marsh dead center towards Wendover. Records and studies of the work performed cite numerous difficulties encountered in constructing the railroad due to the salt flats thickness and hardness.
The Western Pacific Railroad's passenger service began in 1910. Source: 2016 Land speed Racing Community Position Paper -
Western Pacific Railroad line constructed through Bonneville Salt Flats. This westward rail expansion pierced the Salduro Marsh dead center towards Wendover. Records and studies of the work performed cite numerous difficulties encountered in constructing the railroad due to the salt flats thickness and hardness.
1907 -
prior potash production near Intrepid’s facility and farther east near Salduro was by several entities with attempts from about 1907 to the 1930s, but with consistent commercial production from 1939 to 2004 (Gwynn, 1996; Kipnis and Bowen, 2018);
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Source: save the salt
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Teddy Tetzlaff drives the Blitze11 Benz to the
first unofficial record of 141.73 mph on the salt. Source: Save the Salt -
In June 1914, a telephone line was completed across the BSF and the "Wedding of the Wires" occurred in Wendover, Utah, on the west edge of the BSF. The first transcontinental telephone line had been completed.
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Salt Lake Tribune, Sept. 12, 1915 article
“Mighty Bed Of Salt Being Scooped Up For Use Of Mankind.” Opening paragraph states, “The world’s greatest natural speedway is being torn up and ground up and dispensed to the public in cartons and packages…,The largest deposit of pure salt yet discovered is being marred, is disappearing…,The saline deposit covers a surface area approximately sixty-five miles long and twenty- five miles wide.” -
The erection of a plant was commenced in the latter part of 1916. Domestic Potash Production, 1917 by H. Gale
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In the fall of 1916 the Solvay Process Co. obtained control of the
Montello Salt Co. and commenced construction of a plant to produce
potassium salts. Production began in 1917 and increased rapidly
until in 1920 the Utah-Salduro Co., the subsidiary operating com?
pany, was the largest single producer in the country. In 1921 the
plant was closed, and operations since then have been restricted to the production of salt. The Bonneville Co., -
Utah-Salduro Company (subsidiary of Solvay Process Co.)
Doc: Gale, H.S., “Potash in 1916: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1916”, pt 2, pp. 98 – 100, 1917. The first commercial potash production from BSF salt brines began in 1917 and continued until 1921 when imports of potash from Germany made production from BSF uneconomic. -
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During 1920 through 1930, efforts were made to establish an economic potash operation from 40 square miles of BSF located south of what is now 1-80, but operations became inactive after 1930.
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ass reported on deed events (minimum dates)
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In 1925, a segment of the Lincoln Highway was completed. It was built on top of compacted salt which had been used as the roadbed. Unfortunately, it acted like a dike to the waters that were collected on the BSF and required costly repairs from the
eroding action of the ponded waters. Innovations in road drainage helped solve the problem and the road eventually became U.S. 40 and then Interstate 80 -
in 1925, Ab Jenkins raced a Western Pacific train 125 miles from Salt Lake City to Wendover, Utah. Over good roads and bad, Jenkins raced and won. That focused more racing attention on the salt flats.
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Data collected in 1925
This is including the area south of present day I-80 Potash Brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah,“ U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 795-B, by Thomas B. Nolan. “The salt is reported to reach a maximum thickness of 5 feet near the central portion of the deposit. The greatest amount found during boring, however, was 3½ feet near Salduro station. From the maximum it thins rather gradually to zero at the edge.” report -
By the middle 1930s, 24 hour endurance records were being
set at speeds over 135 miles per hour. -
Sir Malcolm Campbell establishes a new land
sl?eed record for one mile, 301.129 mph, during
his first trip to the salt flats (BLM BSF ~2000 brochure) Britain’s Sir Malcolm Campbell; new 300MPH record (Save the Salt) -
from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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John Cobb begins what is later to be a 24-year
hold on the land speed record after traveling
367.910 mph in his Railton (from BLM Brochure) -
By 1939 operations were restarted and potash and other mineral production continues today, with most of the facilities found south of Interstate 80 (Bingham, 1980, pp. 230-231 ). Much of that production occurs from private and state-owned lands. Several thousand acres of public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) are leased for mineral production.
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Before 1946 (present on 1946 Aerial photograph UGS historic image archive) - appears on aerial photograph, purportedly built as a trench by a Kaliser potash (Kaliser began operations in 1940's)
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also active in 1942 - evidenced from BSF Kaiser Reilly deed description
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Up until 1946, land management and actions affecting the salt flats were performed by the General Land Office (Carpenter, 2002)
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2016 LSRC position paper In 1949, the first Bonneville Nationals Speed Trial was
held. Sponsored by the Southern California Timing
Association , Speed Week is an annual event held at the
end of August (Or Bonneville Nationals, inc??) (Carpenter, 2002) -
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the northern berm(?) to floating island went in before 1972.... (before any worry of the WDPP)
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Public Land Order 852: Circular-track portion (8,927 acres) of the Bonneville Salt Flats designated as an automobile racing and testing ground.
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salt flat extent of ~140 square miles (including area to the south) 1953 - buildup on western side of mine and to the south, suggests rgional input of solute and water from these directions
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access road - between 53 and 78
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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Federal government issues potassium leases covering 24,699.83 acres on the BSF to Bonneville Ltd.; leases cover area north of the highway and just east of the BSF racetracks; collection ditches dug on leases to allow for withdrawal of salt brine for potash production. The 14 miles of collection ditches were open to surface water from the raceway. Ten Federal Potassium (potash) leases covering 24,699.83 issued (Intrepid Potash Reclamation Plan, 2012).
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Craig Breedlove, in the jet-powered Spirit of
America, breaks Cobb's longstanding land speed
record by going 407.447 mph -
from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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Lines, 1979
ditch system north of Interstate Highway 80 and east of the Bonneville Racetrack. This ditch system has been operated since about 1963 and was the only ditch operated north of the interstate highway since 1966. (Stephens, 1974, p. 15). NOTE: Intrepid Potash reclamation plan (2012) notes pumping first occurred in 1965 -
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Land speed record had been raised to over 600 miles per hour in a jet powered car.
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from Lines, 1979
- Salduro loop ditch pumping ends
- Any southern ditches pumping ends Stephens 1974 also notes this! (east ditches active since 1966) -
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth ( 40.752897°, -113.961314° to 40.741984° to -113.950631°)?
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Gary Gabelich driving the Blue Flame; international land speed racing community to move record-setting venue to Black Rock Desert and other locations due to reduced length of BSF race track.
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The rocket age comes to the salt flats when
Gary Gabelich drives the B/11e Flame to a
622.407 mph record (from BLM ~2000 brochure) -
So the northern ditches on east edge of BSF installed between 1953 and 1970
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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Utah Geological and Mineral Survey
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In 1975 the BLM approved an update to Kaiser's Mine Plan that allowed the company to move the primary evaporation pond 4 -PP4 from private property onto public leased land and create primary pond 5-PP5. (Intrpid Potash mine relcamation plan, 2012)
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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D. DeBring' s blown fuel streamliner, DeBring's
Longshot, establishes a record at 269.196 mph. -
Richard Noble sets 633 mph record at Black Rock Desert, Nevada driving the jet-powered “Thrust II"
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Reported in Noeth, 2011; https://landspeedproductions.biz/wp-content/uploads/FFT_Dec11.pdf
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now identified as Bonneville Salt Flats Special Recreation Management Area.
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mid-late 80's - this was constructed to stop WDPP brines from entering BSF (NOT to stop laydown and natural brines from leaving BSF)
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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It is recommended that for an immediate beneficial effect, the containment dilke from the south end of Floating island to the north end of the Reilly collection ditches be constructed prior to the winter of 1991-92. The above work can be accomplished during the final design for the remainder of the project.
1490-R5
Bingham engineering report -
During the winter and early spring of 1992-93 extensive, prolonged flooding radically changed the salt surface by preventing the formation of the annual crust well into the summer (from Noeth, 2011; https://landspeedproductions.biz/wp-content/uploads/FFT_Dec11.pdf)
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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from Bonneville: The Fastest Place on Earth, Louise Ann Noeth
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Reilly Industries, Inc. (Reilly) and BLM have been con-
ducting a Salt Laydown Project to increase the salt-crust thickness of the Bonneville Salt Flats. Reilly funds the Salt Laydown Project’s operation which includes capital costs of at least $1,000,000, and operating costs of $80,000 per year. In 1995, BLM joined Reilly in a Salt Laydown Agreement where Reilly and BLM agreed to jointly monitor the Salt Laydown Project’s daily and monthly brine chemistry and flow rates (Carpenter, 2002) -
For example, the number of people attending the 2000 racing events were:
• Speed Week - 6,316 • World of Speed - 864 • World Finals - cancelled due to rain
(Carpenter, 2002) -
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Don Vesco sets the national turbine powered
record at 400.833 mph in the Team VescoTurbinator. -
The mining company "begins pumping salt brine onto the BSF under voluntary salt laydown project. Independent testing of salt brine and surface samples reveal consistency is excellent for supporting racing vehicles." - Save the Salt laydown to be deposited within a 28 square mile are at BSF - laydown report
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Landsat Imagery
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4000 tons of salt used to build a "corral" for artisitic film. Salt added and filming occured when BFLAT was flooding. October filming?
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start date unknown so range used here
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BLM Professional Geologist W.W. White III
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BLM approves mining plan and final EA contingent on Intrepid continuing the salt laydown project and returning an amount of salt in brine form equal to the amount of salt they remove from the BSF
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In 2012, BLM wrote in Intrepid Potash Mine and Reclamation Plan (Modification) Environmental Assessment: "Increasing the amount of water pumped from the alluvial fan aquifer to accommodate the salt laydown project may be depleting the aquifer and increasing the flow from the shallow brine aquifer to the alluvial aquifer.
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Another alternative considered was the BLM has looked into several different types of material handling scenarios (trucking, conveyors, scrapers etc.) for moving salt onto the salt flats. From 1997 to 2002 there was 6.2 million tons of salt moved from the Intrepid Property to the Bonneville Salt Flats through pumping. In contrast it would take 155,000 trucks (at 40 tons per truck) to haul that amount of salt. (Intrepid potash EA, 2012)
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written by Bureau of Land Management. Later document (2014) shows that northern booster pump is abandoned -https://fs.ogm.utah.gov/FILES/MINERALS/PERMITS/045/M0450002/2014/Incoming/11252014.pdf
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unsuitable conditions
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-Save the Salt
estimated 2,000 tons of salt were successfully deposited on the mud surface at the end of the access road to the BSF racing area -
determines that dry salt laydown would be uneconomical for racing community
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unsuitable conditions
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