-
-Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
-Agree UN set up
-Poland to have "free and fair" elections (Stalin has a different idea)
-Germany and Berlin divided
Russia wants:
-To control its own destiny
-Wanted spheres of influence
-Wanted Ger. to remain weak
-USSR reconstructed at Ger. expense
USA wants:
-Collective UN security
-No spheres of influence
-Reconstruction of Ger.
-World Bank and IMF Despite agreements, there was a feeling that the Grand Alliance would not last -
-Attlee, Truman, Stalin
Agreements included:
-Ger. disarmament
-Denazification
-Freedom of speech restored
-USSR get 25% GDP of W.Ger as repairitions
But:
-Stalin had no need for the Grand Alliance after the war
-Truman's Atomic diplomacy was abrasive- did not work
-New leaders- Stalin did not work as well with them -
-Lengthy telegram which helped shape US policy toward USSR (assume global perspective)
-Fearful of Soviet undermining Western powers
-USA must threaten to use force, Soviet policy considered aggressive and USA must counter.
-"Containment of USSR expansionist tendancies" -Kennan
Links to Truman Doctrine -
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Triest in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent... lie in Soviet sphere subject to Soviet influence and control"
-Set up dividing line of Cold War
-War time alliance breaks down
Stalin's response presented a benign Soviet Union:
"In a desire to ensure its security for the future, tries to achieve that these countries remain loyal"
-Later developed to say they were defending Europe from US economic, political and ideological expansion -
June 1946- Comms win elections in Poland after weakening other parties eg. Peasants Party
October 1946- Comms. win 75% of the vote in Bulgaria. Mainly due to manipulated elections and removal of opponents like Petkov of the Agrarian Party
November 1946- Comms win 80% of vote in Romania, an alternative to pre-war government
1947- In Hungary, Comms ally with other political groups to win 45% of the vote.
1948- Czech Comms. take over Czechoslovakia
1949- Comms state of E. Ger. established -
-Doctrine of containment for at least 25 years
-Response to Soviet aggression and expansion
-Truman needed to present Communism as a demon to US public
-Greek Civil War 1947- Br stop funding anti-comms, USA must support
-"Greece the event which ensured bipolarity was not merely a structure of international relations, but a way of life" RCrockatt
-Links to Marshall Plan -
-"Europe is deteriorating" William Clayton
-$13.5 Bn to 13 countries
-Condition of aid- proportion spent on US goods
-Euro. bloc created, benefit US economy
-Concern with Fr. and Ita. comms.
-"Marshall Plan drew economy into capitalist orbit" Bidelleux
-USSR back out of plan, set up Comecon rival Marshall Plan, divided Europe between economic lines
-Yugo kicked out of Cominform after it responds to Marshall Aid -
-All road and rail links to W. Zones cut off by USSR in response to W. Ger's new currencythat tied them to the west
-US response resulted in the Berlin airlift, involved multiple countries
-Airlift was a success, blockade ended in 1949
-Although there was no direct conflict, could be considered one of the first instances of globalism in CW. -
-USSR develop own atomic weapons in 1949
-Truman not accept that USSR would be detered from attacking:
-Attack would come by stealth
-USA would carry out a pre-emptive strike
-Necessitated accurate intel. gathering
-USA must devise anti nuclear defence systems
Emergence of the H-Bomb:
-Between Nov 52 and Aug 53, both sides develop H-bomb
-"Malenkov just telephoned... congratulates everyone who helped build the H-bomb... exceptional contribution to peace" Malyshev
-Nuclear weapons=Prevent war -
-Initally pol., changed after USSR tested atom bomb
-Coalition of states-military aid
-Prevent Euro. states becoming comms.
-France not want W.Ger to join, set up "Pleven Plan" to limit troops
-W.Ger to be bulwark against Soviet expansion -
Backdrop:
-1949- China falls to Communism, Mao and Stalin work together (Monolithic Communism, but relationship frosty)
-Domino Theory USA must contain threat
Significance of the war:
-US presence in Asia boosted
-US use the UN to bring in nations
-First direct conflict of Cold War, no country could back down
-First example of the effectiveness of containment
-"We will uphold the rule of law" Truman -
1953- Death of Stalin appear to open new era of opportunity
-Khrushchev denounce Stalinist regime
-"We stand as we have always stood, for the peaceful coexistance of two systems" Malenkov
-"There is no dispute or outstanding issue which cannot be solved peacefully"
BUT:
-Destalinisation not mean capitalism or freedom
-Red army sent in when needed eg Hungary
-Arms + space race + Warsaw Pact -
Khrushchev's main aims:
-USSR primary comms. power, control E. bloc
-Compete with US in arms race
-Conventional military spending reduced
-Int tensions must be reduced, "In our day, there are only two ways, peaceful coexistance or the most destructive war in our history" Khrushchev -
-US sec. of state John Dulles argue for "rollback" of Soviet influence instead of Peaceful coexistence
-"Massive retaliation" deter nuclear attacks (Aggropolicy)
-Argued that the US must be proactive, not reactive
But in reality:
-Rollback not put into practice, USA prefer containment
-Hungary 1956- USA did nothing
-Rollback- Paper tiger -
-Soviet response the the formation of NATO
-E. Euro countries pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack
-Cold War standoff between NATO and Warsaw Pact -
-Sign of possible peaceful coexistence between E+W
-Agreement over Aus. neutrality
BUT:
-Was it to reduce USSR military costs- focus on nuclear -
-Slow paced nuclear discussions
-Open skies policy- Khrushchev rejects- US spy planes more advanced
-Unified Ger. as member of NATO idea rejected
-Failure in peaceful coexistence -
-First satelite to orbit Earth successfully
-USA saw this as clear evidence that USSr had superior missiles
-Gaither report- huge expansion in USSR nuclear arsenal- based on assumption
-"Soviets probably surpassed us on ICBM development"
-Report call for increase in ABMs -
1958-Khrushchev propose making Berlin a free city
Not acceptable to the west because:
-E. Ger land access
-Would be seen as a retreat from Berlin
Khrushchev gave the west 6 months to agree otherwise he would allow E.Ger control
-Potential nuclear crisis, dropped after visits to the US -
Backdrop:
-USA's own backyard
-Pro-US Batista regime overthrown by Castro
-Introduce agrarian reform, remove US influence
-Soviets visit Cuba in 1960, provide $100m
-USA want to remove Castro- Bay Of Pigs- disaster, consolidated Castro's power
-Nov 61- Operation Mongoose "Help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"- covert ops- but success too slim
-March 62- Operation Quick Kick- US show of military might, Cuba threatened- Khrushchev places missiles on Cuba in May -
-Were going to discuss deal over Berlin and ban on nuclear weapons in the Pacific
-China announced it would not be bound by agreement it had not been involved in
-Summit collapsed after u2 spy plane shot down over USSR -
-More aggressive, proactive approach, expanded defence budget
-"USSR threat worldwide"
-Bay of Pigs and Berlin Wall= end of peaceful coexistence
-"Ich Bin Ein Berliner"
-"We shall pay any price to ensure the success of Liberty"
Results of Peaceful Coexistence:
-Little impact, US not trust USSR. "Trojan doves" Dulles
-Crises showed that neither side committed to peaceful coexistence. -
Early Summer 62- Castro agree to missile placement
-By Sept 3 US flights found no deployment. "If Cuba were to become an offensive military base, the US will do whatever must be done to protect its own security + allies" Kennedy
14 Oct- U2 spy plane discovers missile site
22 Oct- Kennedy speech to US people "Quarantine" blockade of USSR ships and subs. ExComm established
23 Oct- UN condemn USSR. Khrushchev calls blockade "act of aggression" -
24 Oct- Soviet Ships met blockad either stopped or turned around- "We're eyeball to eyeballa and I think the other fellow just blinked" Dean Rusk
26 Oct- Khrushchev sends letter looking for way out of crisis
27 Oct- Khrushchev second letter, wants US to remove Turk missiles. Kennedy responds to 1st letter- Turk missiles removed in secret
28 Oct- Khrushchev removes missiles "Statesmen like decision" Kennedy -
The Defence of Cuba:
-"Our only purpose was the defence of Cuba"
-Nuclear option- sledgehammer to crack a nut
-Could have used conv. forces
Bridging the missile gap:
-Soviets lost atomic leverage, power was in US hands
-Deployment allow Khrushchev to modernise and expand Soviet arsenal + improve E. Euro economy
-But lack of secrecy
Need for friendship:
-"Intended the missile deployment as an effort to spread revolution in lat. am." JC Gaddis
-Address Chinese challenge
Link to Berlin
Turk missile -
-USA appear victors, USSR lost Chinese backing and Khrushchev lost popular support- replaced by Breznhev
-Cuba remained Communist state 90 miles from USA
-US missiles removed from Turkey
-Hotline between E+W established to avoid another crisis
-Oct 63- Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Testing in Atmosphere, OS and UW- "Watershed, marking important new era in arms control" but "fell short of the comprehensive ban"
-"Detente showed impress of missile crisis" R Crockatt -
What the West Wanted:
-Control conflict with USSR- mutually advantageous
-Draw USSR into state of interdependency- Link Sov. policies with US
-Stop Soviets overtaking USA in arms race
What the East wanted:
-Overcome Cold War, restore normal relations
-Preserve world socialism, protect it from capitalism
-Breznhev Doctrine -
June 69- US remove some trade controls on China "artichoke approach". US could gain from Chinese friendship
Aug-Sept 70- Zhou Enlai policy shift, dual confrontation to US friendship, USSR the bigger threat
Early 72- Nixon visits China promote Chinese unification, looking for Chinese support to end war in Vietnam -
Oct 69- Willy Brandt becomes W.Ger chancellor- want to recognise E. Ger and territorial changes- Break Hallstein Doctrine
7 Dec 70- Joint non-aggression pact with USSR and recognise the Oder-Neisse border with Poland
May 71- Last Stalinist Ulbreicht resigns- replaced by Hoenecker= change in relations
Sept 71- Berlin Agreement- W. Berlin and E.Berlin importance noted
Dec 72- Basic Treaty - Normalise relations between 2 Germanies, potential eco. relations, peaceful settlement of conflict. -
May 72- SALT I- limit ABM fields to 2, freeze on ICBMs and strategic bombers, but only current for 5 years
May 72- Nixon-Breznhev Moscow Summit- Basic Principles agreeement- No alt. to peace, avoid war and conflict. But, no legal status. US-aspirations, USSR-Fundamental
June 73- Nixon-Breznhev Washington Summit- Agreement on Prevention of Nuclear War- Sov. thought it would weaken defences, lose ability to support revolutions, but would ensure US not use nuclear threat. Keep Sovs. committed. -
June-July 74- Sov.-Am summit- ABM fields 2>1
Nov 74 Vladivostok Accord- Ford US pres.- framework for SALT II, agree number of ICMB and SLBM but disagree over which missiles fall under agreement
Aug 75- The Helsinki Accords- 3 baskets
-Security in Europe
-coop in tech + eco
-coop in humanitarian
USSR want Ostpolitik expanded, increase eco trade
USA not accept E.Euro status quo, fear reduced presence -
6 Oct- Egypt attacks Sinai end Israeli occupation
22 Oct- Ceasefire agreed then broken by Israel UN force defuse
Impact on detente:
USSR- Backed Egypt with weapons and supplies, question if detente was serving Sov. interests, lose influence in ME
USA- Back Israel, Increase influence in ME
-Both sides violate detente, but neither accuse the other of violating them -
Apr 74- Angolan independence
May 74- 3 powerrs MPLA, FNLA and UNITA
June-July 74- USA and China support FNLA
Oct 74- USSR fund MPLA
Jan 76- 12000 Cuban troops to MPLA
Mar 76- MPLA proclaim victory
Impact on Detente:
USA- Until Cuba, USA not regard involvement in line detente
-Think USSR involved before they are
-Fail to respond
USSR-Not support MPLA until US involved
-Percieve Sino-US partnership
-Expand influence, undermine China + USA -
Jan 77- Carter becomes pres.
Mar 77-Carter propose reduce ICBMs- Greater impact on USSR- seen as unilateral
July 77- W. Ger chancellor and Can. PM warn Carter about his robust human rights stance eg Czechoslovakia
1978- China Card increasing issue for SALT II response to "Soviet expansionist activites in developing world"
1979- Both sides agree SALT II, some interpret as merely an interruption in decline of detente -
Apr 78- coup, unstable and chaotic situation- unreliable ally for USSR
Dec 79- Soviets kill Amin
3 Jan 80- Carter postpones SALT II talks
23 Jan 80- Carter Doctrine- Prevent Soviet "expanse" end detente
USSR interests: Security- shared borded
-Afgh. could become "imperialist bridgehead" Breznhev
-Only way they could control was via military intervention (not expansionist)
US response: Soviet action expansionist "Greatest threat to peace since WWII) Carter
-Fail to consider range of motives