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represents Egyptian perspective on mortality and the importance of preservation and honoring the dead
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Greek
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traditional Greek scroll
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Rome
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from the emperor Hadrian's villa at Tivoli Sosus of Pergamon, commentary about how the excess of food represents wealth
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earliest wood block printing was first discovered in China
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first came about during the Bi Sheng Northern Song Dynasty, made wood block printing more efficient
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beginning of traditional book format
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mask created after the person dies to commemorate the dead, meant to be a devotional practice
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religious Korean text, first to utilize moveable metal type, huge turning point in printing history
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midieval handbook associated with health, discusses how to achieve good health via diet, farming, and agricultural practices
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Brunelleschi
experimentation that allowed proportion and perspective to be demonstrated in later paintings -
Thailand, made from green jade which suggests the idea it is made of a more precious stone, the royal family in Thailand is responsible for changing the attire of the Buddha at the start of each of the three seasons, bringing the statue out in a parade is said to have blessed the harvest and other worries of the villages (outdated ritual)
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Jan Van Eyck, represents motherhood and utilizes symbolism to represent love and paradise
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combines moveable metal type with screw presses, huge advancement in printing, increased public access to books
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Piero Della Francesca
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Carlo Crivelli, tempura and gold on wood, utilized apples to symbolize sin and evil and cucumbers to symbolize redemption
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Sandro Botticelli
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Janez iz Kastva
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Raphael, depicts the tender relationship between Mary and Christ
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Lucas Cranach the Elder, represents the idea that female sexuality is dangerous and the contrast between virgins and propriety
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Titian, conveys a shy sense of sexuality, the angle of her body allows viewers to see her body as an object of male sexual desire
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Ligier Richier, "remember that you have to die", grotesque memorial utilizing the actual heart of the dead
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder
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Giuseppe Acrimboldo, painted harvest produce to depict faces, object oriented abstraction
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Pieter Bruegel, heavy focus on depicting peasant life opposed to wealth and holy figures, conveys traditional practices of a Flemish wedding
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Michelangelo, conveys the intimate relationship between mother and child in a religious context, also depicts the idea that maintaining virginity would allow women to remain young and pure, hand gestures show Mary desperately trying to cope with the death of her son
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Juan Cotan, during the baroque period in Europe very dramatic paintings were highly appreciated, compositional relationships were imperative
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Artemisia Gentileschi, painted by a woman, conveys powerful women overthrowing men, the artist was sexually assaulted by her master when she was an apprentice, this traumatizing experience shaped her as an artist
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Frans Snyder, harsh Baroque artwork, heightened sense of drama in still life was common at this time, contrast between good and evil
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Pieter Claesz
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Peter Paul Rubens, conveys both motherhood and the sexuality of women throughout motherhood, strong feminine figure, she is nude but remains in control of the situation
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Willem Claesz Heda
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Rembrant Van Rijn
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Bernini
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Johannes Vermeer, well respected Dutch painter, commentary on the realness of peasant life
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Jan Steen, 17th century domestic scene, celebratory image with heavy representation of sin via symbolism, woman stepping on a bible, flirtation, etc.
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originally purchased by Louis the 13th, it wasn't until Louis the 14th that Versailles developed into the palace that it is now, created to reinforce his power, stylistic choices came from his attitude and political state, overwhelming interior from the baroque period
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shift in aesthetic from baroque to rococo style artworks, Madame Pompadour threw many rococo art openings in Versailles as Louis XV's mistress, more interest in eastern culture and classicism
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Thomas Gainsborough
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in contrast to baroque and rococo, these artists began to create art inspired by classical Greek and Roman cultures
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Jacques Louis David, french revolutionary, done at the time of hyper-embellishment, image after his murder, the weapon is pictured in the front of the tub
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William Blake, homage to an English poet
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a cheaper way to commemorate the dead for lower class families in the victorian period, the dead are often very clear in the images since they were incapable of movement, typically the living would pose next to the dead
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
a poet's views on the nature of colors and what emotions can be evoked through the use of color -
Jean Auguste Ingres, depicts a prostitue, represents a venus-like image, but she is far less coy about her sensuality, her sexuality is conditioned by the male gaze
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Theodore Gericault, artists began to veer away from classical imagery and into more current events, depicts a government vessel that was importing slaves, he built a model of the raft itself and studied dead bodies at the morgue
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Goya Y Lucientes, conveys the inevitability of mortality
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Jospeh Niepce, heliography allowed him to capture this view from a window at Le Gras, exposure took multiple days
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John Constable, intended to make the audience feel the power of nature
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Thomas Cole, focus on wildness in nature instead of a space made for humans
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neoclassicism, honored the dead who fought in Napoleon's wars, politics caused a shift in stylistic taste to occur
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discovered shorter exposure can produce a more visible image, daguerreotypes began the film development process
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Joseph Turner, leads into impressionism, conveys nature as a myopic overwhelming forces of nature
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Courbet, portrait in admiration and celebration of friends and other artists
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Roger Fenton
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Edouard Manet, depicts a woman in full control of her sexuality
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began as a reaction to photography in the mid 1800s, no need for hyperrealistic paintings, painting began to actually become about paint itself
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Gustave Courbet, breaking point of odalisque figure, woman appears ravaged, post sexual activity
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James McNeill Whistler, depicts the artist's respect for his mother
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Courbet, represents a loss of vanity and comfort in his increasing age, much less demanding than his younger self portraits
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Thomas Eakins, inspired by actual surgical theatre at the time, marks true development in science
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the body of a young girl were found in la Seine, her face showed no signs of the agony of death, a cast is made of her face and it became very popular in Parisian culture
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Cezanne, no sense of drama or falseness, a very real self portrait
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British origins, popular throughout Europe and the United States, focus on traditional craftsmanship, anti-industrial, centered on labor reform
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Vassily Maksimov, rustic image of the working class in the late 19th century, contains an icon corner facing east to represent prayer and worship
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Edgar Degas
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Edouard Manet, depicts a prostitute, utilized oranges to symbolize prostitution, aware of the male gaze
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Vincent Van Gogh, depicted the lives of the working class, a humble meal conveys humanness
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Paul Gauguin
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Vincent Van Gogh
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Marie Cassatt, conveys an ordinary mother breastfeeding her child, her painting style was essentially sweet and tender
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inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautree, depicts impressionists discussing their scandalous nature at the Moulin Rouge, held many private dinners and considered cooking as an art form
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Edvard Munch
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Paul Cezanne, "art is a harmony running parallel to nature", believed an artist is not bound to depict real images in real space, meditation on the materiality of paint
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Mary Cassatt
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claimed not all colors act the same so the range of colors can not be made into a uniform shape
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Paul Gaugain
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Paul Cezanne
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Antonio Gaudi, representative of modernist architecture
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Pablo Picasso
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Polenov, highlights Russian Orthodox mythology
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Marianne Stokes, tender image representing the female idea of death
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Egon Schiele, created very hyper-sexualized images, conveys the death of a mother in childbirth, made to convey the darker side of humanity
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Marcel Duchamp
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Wassily Kandinsky, conveys ideas of spirituality
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James Ensor, scholars have interpreted this as a representation of the trauma of WWI and German occupation, similar to The Last Supper, but the religious figures are replaces by grotesque cartoon-like characters
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Suprematist Exhibition, mysterious, refers to the idea that history needed to be erased and the world should start again at zero, direct reference to portal icon, he evacuates images with simple images claiming they are just as good as a portal icon
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Man Ray, portrait of a poet involved in the dada and surrealist themes, Man Ray claimed she excelled as a feminist
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Joseph Stella
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Hannah Hoch, start to see sexual bodies as combinations and not being confined to your given gender
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Man Ray
questioned truth in his images, inspired surrealists -
luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social progress, influenced by cubism
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Georgia O'Keefe
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FT Marinetti and Fillia, recognized people think and act according to what they eat and drink, believed eating should represent their ideas about visual presentation, overturned dining patterns, early example of an artist statement
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New York, photojournalist that captured the death of his subjects, crime scene photography on the rise
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Meret Oppenheim, challenged the traditional societal views of the importance of marriage and family life, conveyed the idea that without a family, women could devote their lives to their work and happiness
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Walter Benjamin,
critic reviewing the development of art in the means of technology and authenticity in the age of convenient printing -
Dorothea Lange, captured during the Great Depression, conveys suffering and the responsibilities of a mother to protect her children
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Meret Oppenheim, one of the few females of surrealism
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Pablo Picasso
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Frida Kahlo, conveys the two halves of Frida's family life and the contrast between her European and Mexican roots, commentary on her ex-husband and his disdain for the more "European" Frida, conveys the constant pain in her life
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Edward Hopper
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Norman Rockwell, opposite of abstract despite the popularity of abstraction at the time, aimed to depict American life, oppressive image
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Henri Matisse
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Salvador Dali, represents his ideas of Catholicism through mysticism, considers the fourth dimension, surrealist landscape
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Morris Louis
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Juan O'Gorman
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Daniel Spoerri, considered his culinary works to be art, focus on image/object relationships
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Yves Klein, composed through a performance of naked women pressing themselves against a canvas, utilized nude female models as tools, however, they claimed to be treated with respect as collaborators
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Robert Rauschenberg
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made a uniform color system for businesses and designers to utilize
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Andy Warhol, huge influence of design and image making, conveys the mass production of food and the growth of capitalism in America
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Claes Oldenburg, painted on canvas but molded into a sculpture, utilized oversimplified food to convey the nature of painting and sculpture, worked on an enlarged scale
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Allison Knowles, performance art event, conveyed the way life imitates art, the piece is about making art that sustains
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Josef Albers
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Andy Warhol, produced a series that dealt with accidents and tragedy, images of an electric chair
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Marcel Broodthaers, cultural references to cuisine, puns were common in his works
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David Hockney
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Juan Miro, influenced by Duchamp
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Frank Stella
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Helio Oiticica, interactive exhibit to bring his culture into an art context
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Alexander Calder
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Alexander Calder
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nondenominational chaptel that serves as a major work of modern art, belief in the emotional and spiritual power of color
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utilizes a sight dedicated to the observance of the galaxy
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Alejandro Jodorowsky, surrealist film about making how reproductions of an icon strips away the sacred aspect
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Hannah Wilke, radical feminist artist, covered models in mini sculptures of vaginas, sought to reclaim the female image and express female sexuality
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Dieter Roth, interested in politics and the question of "what is art", utilized food to convey humor, "ground" books in to sausage
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Ronald W. Davis
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Carolee Schneeman, performance piece in which a woman covered herself in paint until eventually extracting a scroll from her vagina, the artist appreciated the vagina as an art form
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Bas Jan Ader, fall series depicts the potential threat of death in a comical and tender way, aimed to sail all the way across the Atlantic, he was alone on the boat and a few months after he set sail the raft was found upside down
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Ana Mendieta, places images of her own physical body into nature, earth works began emerging at this time
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Nam June Paik, allowing an icon to exist in his work that already carries all of its own meaning, the icon is self-reflecting
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Andy Warhol, conveys the shift of pop culture and iconography
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Bruce Nauman
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Keith Harring, plays a large role in the AIDS crisis, work often surronded women, sexuality, life, and death, conveys the aesthetic of resistance
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Sally Mann, staged elaborate portraits to show the sensual side of childhood, disturbing to many viewers
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Mona Hatoum, conveys religious pilgrimages to demonstrate one's belief in faith, circumambulation
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underground activist group of women who began noticing how exclusive the art world had become, the deficiency of women was a huge issue and they sought to call out the galleries who rarely displayed women
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David Wojnarowicz, conveys his experience with loss during the AIDS crisis, accepted to the national gallery in Washington but it was eventually removed for being too upsetting, conveys the narrative of a gay man during the AIDS crisis
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Andres Serrano, controversial piece created through the own artist's urine, conveys his faith and understanding of catholicism
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Yasumasa Morimura, depicts a male body the way female bodies are typically depicted, reflection on our history and lack of inclusiveness
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Lorna Simpson, took notes from advertisements and arrangements of styles and then she represented the black female body
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Rasheed Araeen, didn't receive much recognition due to intense islamophobia at the time in Europe, so he shifted to create work to convey his identity and the idea that minorities are "invisible" in the art world due to people's biases and hatred
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India, rituals preformed at the base of this statue
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Felix Torres, concerned with the politics of the AIDS epidemic, weighed hard candy to match the weight of his lover, candy is taken and the "body" of the lover diminishes, conveys the idea of death, but the piece is replenished when it fully diminishes
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Burma, represent religious practices, inside of the reclining Buddha are images of Buddhist hell
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Ildar Khanov, combines stylistic constructions from different religions, all 16 major world religions will be represented
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Rirkrit Tiravanija, gallery opening was a dinner party, prepared food for all of his guests
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Louise Bourgeois, spider represents her close relationship to her mother in comparison to her harsh abusive father who was often depicted in her work
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a reflection of the appropriation of Buddhist rituals by the western world, conveys the "hip" nature of Buddhism
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Rineke Dijkstra, captured formal images in moments while their guard is let down, series of powerful images conveying qwomen directly after childbirth, conveys idealized relationship between mother and child
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Sophie Calle, an author composed a fictional story based on her life, and she took this story and translated it in to her real life, complex works
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Kara Walker
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Takashi Murakami
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Kiki Smith
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Dale Chihuly
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Tony Oursler
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Dona Schleiser
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Catherine Opie, conveys a woman who is nurturing towards her child but also represents her sexuality through the markings on her own body, sexuality does not take away from the nature of motherhood
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Marlene Dumas, the subject is dead and the painting itself in enlarged to a massive scale, themes of sleep, death, and ecstacy
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Damien Hurst
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Stelarc, representative of artists utilization of technology
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LaToya Ruby Frazier, represents economic repression and illness based on this history of toxic waste in poor communities, depicts the cycle of life and death experienced by repressed women
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Mickalene Thomas, reproduction of Le dejeuner sur l'herbe, reclaimed the image space with women of color to change the narrative, flipped the conversation of power
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atlas that displays every color imaginable
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Nicole Eisenman, similar to "At the Moulin Rouge", grotesque scenes of human interaction
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Theaster Gates, works somewhere between urban planning and fine art, believed community engagement made artwork amazing
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William Pope L., complicated composure, composed of many pieces of bologna with white paint and faces in a sloppy grid
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Kara Walker, sculpture made out of sugar paste since historically this was representative of power and royalty, unexpected and monumental
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Wangechi Mutu, the female form is almost always prevalent in her work
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Amanda Stenberg and Willow Smith, movement for women who place themselves in front of artwork to reinforce the idea of women of color in a predominately white area, utilize selfies as art forms
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Audrey Wollen, rise of internet art, established "sad girl" aesthetic, claimed girls own the "void", sad girl theory proposes that suffering women experience should be categorized as an act of protest
