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As the Spanish came across the America's they had brought along with them a sort of global exchange. The Columbian Exchange was a global exchange of livestock, plants, people, and diseases that would change the world forever. The Spanish had brought along with them diseases that had affected the Native people of America in drastic manners. Exchanges of slaves would bring later political and war problems later in America's history. This caused an extreme economic boosts for many countries. -
Plantations became more popular due to the amount of cash crops found in the Caribs and Americas such as sugar cane and tobacco. Imported slaves had found themselves in certain systems to abide by. The headright system boosted the expansion of servants and slaves with its distribution of 50 acres for any freeman who had land, which further implemented the landowners to bring over slaves and servants to grow cash crops. This allowed for slavery to expand and become a permanent economic boost. -
The Jamestown Settlement was a group of only men who came to the America's in order to expand from England. They were unsuccessful as to the search for gold and tribute from the Indians. Though, tobacco was founded which dominated the market shortly thereafter. This helped spur on new settlers to come to the Americas. To help bring new settlers over, the Virginia Company granted 100 acres to every freeman and more to those who imported servants which helped increase the English population. -
Samuel De Champlain opened the fur-trading post alongside the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. This spurred on good relationships with the neighboring Indians, who were interested in the fur. Later, King Louis XIV made New France into a royal colony and continued the expansion of indentured servitude to the New World. With the success of the fur trade, Indians were able to receive European made items to further the economy back in England. -
With the exponential growth of migrants in America, this caused conflicts with neighboring Natives. An assault was led by Opechancanough since he did not want any treaty with the Englishmen. The Englishmen had said that they want the Indian children to attend their schools to be brought up in Christian ways. Ultimately, the Natives were unsuccessful. James I revoked the treaties requested among the Indians and created Virgina as a royal colony. -
Bacon's rebellion was a group of enslaved Africans and white indentured servants that demanded the governor to resign. The political group in Virginia made it difficult for the indentured servants to make ends meet, even having to pick up another indentured contract. After the rebellion, an intensification of African slaves were reached as well as furthering social separation between whites and blacks. -
The South Atlantic System produced rice, sugar, tobacco, and other items that were traded through an international market. They came from plantation societies that were ran by Europeans. Most of the slaves were Africans who were brought over through terrible conditions. This trade system is responsible for modern day food distribution and agricultural order. -
The colonists had been able to provide for themselves and create a well colonized land both economically and domestically. During the reign of George I and George II, they relaxed their supervision among the colonists. This inadvertently assisted the rise of self-government in North America. Complaints about Britain rising back up into America's affairs laid the foundation for the start of the American Independence movement. -
A slave uprising occurred along the Stono river, giving this rebellion its name. A group of slaves armed themselves and went over six plantations and killed more than twenty colonists. Colonists were able to stop the rebellion and killed 44 slaves and prevented any general uprising. In response to the rebellion, South Carolinas cut slave imports and put more strict discipline on their plantations. -
French and British claims came to be conflicting to one another due to land and trade. The French had secured the Ohio Valley and continued their trade with the Indians in the area. British forces came across the Valley and started trade with the Indians as well, causing France to lose trading posts. Washington was dispatched to reclaim part of the Valley and fired upon French detachment. Washington was defeated and this caused the British to declare war. -
The Sugar Act of 1764 was a British law that lowered duty on French molasses and raised penalties for smuggling it. New England merchants made their fortunes off smuggling in French molasses, so this did not settle well. The taxes placed upon the people with French molasses angered them as well. Merchants ignoring the smuggling caused Britain to end their Salutary neglect upon America. With generation having not been around British laws was new to the people of America and angered them as well. -
The Stamp Act of 1765 was a British law placing tax on all paper used in the colonies. Widespread distaste for this law had Benjamin Franklin making a deal asking Parliament to allow America to join the Legislature and be one with Great Britain. The British wrote off Franklin's idea as too radical and even some colonists were worried due to the distance between them and Britain. Since so many of the colonists resisted the Stamp Act, it was later repealed in 1776. -
European countries had started to create their own revolutions and ideals in how society should run and questioning government influence. Natural rights and deism sparked the question of self-government and the power of the people. Influence reached over to North America where Ben Franklin was a major contributor to the Enlightenment movement. His works won praise from many of the colonists and brought forth future American Revolutionary era such as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. -
British troops had been sent out to Boston which overtook 10 percent of the population and worried the locals. March 5, 1770, a group of nine British soldiers fired into a group of townspeople, killing five. A trial was put in place for the soldiers, but Boston's Whigs stated it was a massacre. They used this term to send out across the colonies and caused mass upheaval throughout the land. This ultimately caused many colonists to question the Crown's authority over the land. -
The Boston Tea Party was a protest from civilians over the taxations from the British. Britain had wanted to assert more control over the Americans and did so by raising tariffs and adding more taxes onto daily objects. Colonists saw the taxes as unfair and and a violation to their natural rights. This protest escalated the tensions between America and Britain and showed a bold defiance among the people and what they were capable of. -
Patriot leaders had gathered together in Philadelphia to have the Second Continental Congress. As the Congress began, British troops attacked American fortifications on Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. Eventually, American troops fell to the British in the battle. This caused John Adams to tell Congress to defend American liberty by creating a continental army. George Washington was nominated and eventually Congress approved the proposal, but only by a small amount. -
Americans were divided among the opinion of King George III. Some were saying that the King would eventually come to America's wants and needs while radicals were calling for independence. Thomas Paine published Common Sense to make a call for independence and republican form of government. In Common Sense, Paine based the King and his ways of ruling people and the British mixed government. The book became popular within months and this urged Americans to create independent republican states. -
Patriot conventions urged a break from England. Inspired by Thomas Paine's Common Sense, Virginia's resolution was presented to Congress. Loyalists and anti-independence moderates left the Continental Congress due to defeat leaving Patriots to their own devices. The Congress approved the Declaration of Independence and America was finally its own nation. Since the signing, outside nations also approved of America's independence and set the world to new standards. -
General John Burgoyne was trying to isolate New England from the United States, coming from Canada. His troops first advanced but was too leisurely with the Battle. Gate's troops slowed down British forces by covering his path and cutting supply lines from Canada. British forces were running out of resources and tried to raid a town for food, but was stopped by militiamen. Burgoyne was forced to surrender and the US were able to gain military support from France which helped win the war. -
The AoC were formed as a loose union which was a confederation of equal states. There were no executive or limited powers showing that the AoC was something of loose defense. The AoC was so relaxed due to the people's fear of an executive ruler like George III. These articles were built on the fears that festered the colonists over the years and set them up for failure. Knowing their mistake, later amendments were created under the AoC which proved to be more successful. -
While Cornwallis and Arnold were fighting French forces near the York peninsula, Washington devised a plan since he was allied with the French. The French had taken the Chesapeake Bay and Washington had his troops quietly march from Rhode Island to Virginia. Cornwallis was now surrounded by both French and American forces, causing the battle to reach its end. Cornwallis had surrendered and with British resources running low physically and politically, the attacks had reached an end. -
It had taken two years for a peace treaty to finally come along after the defeat of British troops in Yorktown. In the treaty, Great Britain finally recognized American Independence and sought to not gain any land east of the Mississippi and South of the Great Lakes. America allowed British merchants to be able to make legal claims from prewar debts and confiscated property were returned to the loyalists and they were labeled as United States citizens. -
Daniel Shays led a group of armed men to close the courts and prevent the enforcement of debt collection and other legal proceedings. The rebellion was sparked by a number of economic and social factors, including rising debt and taxes, a lack of representation in the state government, and the failures of the Articles of Confederation, which were the first national constitution of the United States. The rebellion showed the weakness of the AoC and the need for stronger system of government. -
The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed by congress. This created an independent federal court system with the supreme court and lower level courts. The court appointed a Chief Justice and five associative justices. The Presidential Cabinet was made up of four sections to help with the President. Secretary of War, Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Treasury. and Attorney General. The constitution allowed the President to receive the help from the cabinets to help the Nation. -
Alexander Hamilton believed that the federal government should be stronger than the state governments and placed plans to do so. An assumption of state debts allowed for trust to be regained back into America so economic relations could be pursued. Hamilton wanted to raise tariffs and taxes so American trade would grow and more money for the federal government. Hamilton's most impactful plan was the National Bank that kept the gov's money, allowed loans, issue paper currency, and grow the gov. -
There was a tax increase placed by Alexander Hamilton and Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax. The farmers started up a rebellion and George Washington was put to the test, as well as federal power. Ultimately, the Whiskey Rebellion was put to rest. This was significant due to the fact that the United States's federal authority had yet to be tested and show its true strength. -
In order to repair relations with the French, Adams sent diplomats to negotiate a treaty. The French demanded a "gift"(bribe) of $250k before any negotiations would proceed. The Americans refused to pay this bribe and this brought more tensions up in the affair. The US wanted war with the French, but Adams avoided war by negotiating peace with Napolean. An undeclared war was formed known as the Quasi-War but was later sorted in 1800. -
As the US began to grow in population and in size, industrial markets needed quicker ways to get jobs done. Eli Whitney was one of the main industrial innovators to help grow America's industrial workplace. The creation of machine tools, which Whitney took a great part in, helped machines make parts for other machines. His expertise also led him to the invention of the cotton gin. Whitney, later in his career, decided to manufacture military weapons and created interchangeable musket parts. -
President Adams, already unpopular with the people, passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to protect his name. After being persecuted by his own people Adams went to great lengths to keep his name clean. He polarized anybody he deemed as an "alien" and could deport them out of the country. Citizenship was raised from 5 years to 14 years, making it nearly impossible for an immigrant to become a citizen. These acts were later reviewed by the states and nullifed. -
The federalist party had a short reign on the nation but they accomplished many things. The national government was strengthened with new laws, taxes, and acts. A financial system was stable with help from Hamilton's financial plan, especially his National Bank. The industry began to grow in America as well, with the economy boosting over foreign trade and relations. War was avoided with both Britain and France with their high tensions. Adams negotiated out of war, although unpopular. -
James Madison, who's apart of Jefferson's cabinet, finds the letter giving Marbury a federal judgeship. Jefferson orders Madison to not deliver it, and Marbury sues to get the position wanted. The supreme court sided with Madison and refused Marbury's proposal and declares part of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional and void. The supreme court claimed the right of judicial review on the right to declare laws unconstitutional. This was a landmark in the system for the principle of judicial review. -
Jefferson struggled with his strict views of the Constitution. The French sold the land for 15 million and Jefferson questioned the constitutionality of acquiring new land. He set aside his own views for what was best for the people. The purchase doubled the size of the country and secured New Orleans and the Mississippi River. This led Jefferson to commission the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore new territory, begin relationships with natives, and find a route to the Pacific. -
U.S. ships were prohibited to travel to foreign ports to deter Britain and France from halting the U.S. ships. Jefferson pursued peaceful coercion instead of violent acts due to American interests. America underestimated the dependency they had on foreign ports and their economy dropped drastically. Later, another act was produced but failed as well in its efforts to stay neutral between the conflict of Britain and France. -
With the British attacks in the Atlantic and their influence on the Indians, Madison was pushed towards war which was officially declared in June. Although America had captured many British ships, the only victories were in the Southwest. By 1815 Britain wanted peace and the Treaty of Ghent was introduced and returned the prewar borders back to America. -
Henry Clay, among other members of the Whig party, put in place economic policies to create a self-sufficient, industrialized, and a strong government nation. To pursue industrial growth, protective tariffs were created to spur on manufacturing. A stronger transportation system would be made from such with railroads, canals, and roads. The formation of a strong central bank would provide easy and abundant credit for the people. This system helped grow America economically and physically. -
The New York legislature's 1817 financing created the Erie Canal. This connected the Hudson River and Lake Erie together, which brought economic prosperity to the entirety of the Great Lakes region. Its benefits brought civic and business leaders to bring their business to the Midwest using the canal. Priorly, America didn't have the knowledge of engineering a canal and the cost was significant. With the creation of the Erie Canal, this proved the economic and intellectual boost in society. -
Just as the gradual emancipation of slavery was reaching new heights, the cotton gin appeared. This quickly separated the seeds from the cotton and was an efficient way to distribute it. With the North and South depending on each other via cotton, slavery had expanded due to the cotton rush. Plantations expanded westward in search for new land while cotton tripled in value. Plantation owners now sought out many new slaves to run the cotton and with the value tripled, the economy boosted. -
The tariff sought to protect the northern and western agricultural products from the competition with the foreign imports. This caused southerners to go against this tariff because it made the cost of living in the south significantly higher. It also cut into the profits of New England industries, angering Northerners as well. Most of the blame was put onto Adams during his presidency instead of the Jacksonians' support for the tariff was ignored. -
As people wanted to move from the crowded regions of America, natives claimed the lands Americans wanted. President Andrew Jackson published this act through Congress and was able to pass through the House of Representatives. This act directed mandatory relocation of Indians to the west of the Mississippi which put them in a flatland with only plains. Indians had to adapt quickly to their new surroundings but was difficult due to the significant change in the resources and open land. -
Samuel Morse had created an electrical device to transit messages using Morse code. There was a need for faster and further communication techniques which the telegraph was able to cover, almost instantly. Using morse code, people would send a message through the wires and the person receiving them would decode it. This was especially helpful in business deals, military, and the federal government. The effect it had on the nation was massive, pulling the nation together in many ways. -
Mexico had passed a law to make Mexico into a more central government. A "federal" constitution was presented by American, Stephen Austin, but was nullified by Mexico's president. Fearing central control, the American war party led a rebellion into Mexico and proclaimed the independence of Texas. As Texas tried for annexation with the United States, Van Buren refused. This showed the strain between the North and South and the future break of the Union. -
The Bank of England tried to boost their own economy by curtailing their credit towards American canals. Due to the loss of British funds, America fell into a panic. Cotton had less value as well as American's having to withdraw loans to pay off foreign debts. An overthrow of credit appeared and turned into an economic crisis. Canal construction as well as prices and wages dropped significantly in part with the failing economy and also caused union movements to dissipate. -
This was the first women's rights convention in the United States, and it was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other feminists. The convention was held in response to the lack of rights and opportunities for women in American society at the time. There was a lack of social rights for women in the United States. Women were not allowed to vote, hold public office, or own property. The convention was to raise awareness of the issues facing women and to start a movement for women's rights. -
In the effort to address the situation between slavery in the US, the Compromise of 1850 was created. The North and South kept growing in their tensions and disagreements and this would lay a temporary settlement on about slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act allowed for the returning of a runaway slave who passed into a free state, which brought controversy. California was made a free state while others were able to decide themselves. This shows a temporary compromise and the flaws within this law. -
Lincoln sent troops to Richmond, Virginia (Confederate's capital) to capture it. As the fight went on, the Confederate army had pushed back on rebel attacks and surprised the Union. Civilians also had come to watch the battle, thinking the Union would win this battle and were surprised at its outcome as well. The Confederates proved its strength and how seriously this war will be taken. Bull Run proved to the Nation that this war would not be over soon and that the Union was challenged. -
After Antietam, the proclamation was created by President Abraham Lincoln to abolish the institute of slavery in all states that were not apart of the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation did not directly end slavery itself, as some southern and union states could own slaves. Some slaves were able to be saved by Union armies who had passed through. With the proclamation, Britain and France were able to no longer recognize the Confederacy, ending the southern's reign on the economy of cotton. -
The Union had seized control over the Mississippi River and Confederate and Union forces crossed in Gettysburg. General Lee sent forces to attack Meade's, but was outnumbered and had failed. One-third of Lee's army had casualties and Meade had allowed Confederate forces to retreat, which angered President Lincoln. With Meade allowing the opposing side to retreat and regroup indefinitely prolonged the war but with Vicksburg and Gettysburg both being Union victories, it was a political point. -
This bill was designed for the reconstruction of the southern sates after the Civil War. There was a requirement where voters in the South had to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before any political process. It contained provisions for the confiscation of land belonging to Confederate leaders and the distribution of that land to freed slaves. These were set in place since the radicals thought Lincoln's plan was too lenient. This bill was vetoed by Lincoln and presented the 10 percent plan. -
The South had been devastated by the war as well as the entirety of the US's economy and politics. Many former slaves were struggling to find their place in society and the South needed to transform into a better society for such people. The South was prohibited from politics and divided into military districts which were placed under jurisdiction of the US army. There was a significant impact on the development of civil rights and equal protection under the law in the United States. -
As part of the reconstruction plans, this amendment would give slaves their rights and rebuild the United States. It states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens and have the same rights and protections under the law, regardless of race, ethnicity, or previous status as a slave. It disallows states from taking any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law or from denying any person the equal protection of the laws. -
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was formed because it was believed that alcohol was the root cause of the crimes and abuse being taken place in the cities. This was one of the first social reform movements formed by women in close relations with religious strategies. They accomplished the passage of the 18th Amendment which made the distribution, sale, and consumption of alcohol illegal. -
Prior to the Pendleton Act, government jobs were given to political supporters, regardless of their qualifications or abilities. This was also known as the "spoils system" which proved to lead to corruption and lack of professionalism in the government. The Pendleton Act aimed to change this by creating merit-based systems for hiring in the government. The Pendleton Act was a significant reform in American politics, it helped to reduce corruption the federal government and set up civil reforms. -
NAWSA stand for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which was an organization formed in the US in 1890 to fight for woman's suffrage, and specifically the right to vote. The members of this group worked endlessly to secure the right to vote. Marches, rallies, and other events were set up to raise public awareness and went to the politicians local, state, and even national levels for support. NAWSA was vital to passing of the 19th Amendment, which later disbanded the movement. -
The Depression of 1893 was a severe economic downturn that affected the United States's economy, business, and families. It had everlasting impacts on politics and society due to the large factors that played into it. Collapses of several large banks and businesses, decline in price of silver, and an oversupply of goods and services led to drops in prices and profits. President Grover Cleveland responded that the government would not intervene in the economic affairs. -
The De Lome letter was written by a Spanish Ambassador to the United States. Meant for a friend in Havana, Cuba, it was critical to the American government and its policies towards Spain. The letter was intercepted by American agents and leaked to the press, which caused a major scandal. The American people felt as if they were being insulted and it caused anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States. The letter and the sinking of the USS Maine unified support for the Spanish-American war -
The court had made a "separate but equal" decision within segregation rights. They decided that segregation was not against the U.S. Constitution, as long as the facilities for each side were equal in quality. This was a landmark court decision that lasted for over 60 years, which later became overturned in 1954, stating that separate facilities are inherently unequal itself. -
The Teller Amendment stated that the US would not annex Cuba following the war with Spain, and they would be given their independence. It was added to a joint resolution that authorized military force against Spain. The Teller amendment was significant as it was an early example of the US committing itself to non-colonization and anti-imperialist ways. Although the US did end up being involved in the affairs of Cuba, this was a start to the way the people and government wanted their nation. -
President Theodore Roosevelt had used the Square Deal as a part of his campaign for better control in all areas of America. The main focuses were put on conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. This established that the president could make legislative goals for the administration and it brought more governmental involvement within the "three C's". -
Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Meat Inspection Act was a piece of legislation that prohibited the sale of misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and process of the animals. These rules were strict in order to keep up with sanitary requirements and since it was on a federal level, the meat companies are federally inspected to make sure they are following the requirements. -
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization that fought for justice for African Americans. Well known people of this group included W.E.B. Dubois, Ida B. Wells, and Moorfield Storey. It is America's oldest and largest civil rights organization and was formed in response to the abuse and unjust acts put upon the African American community. To this day, it remains a leading organization in the nation and has may followers. -
Millions of African Americans from the rural South made way up to the urban North. Economic opportunities, politics, and racial violence were some of the key factors in this movement. The North was experiencing a great jump in industrialization and urbanization, which led to an increasing demand for labor. Most found work in transportation, manufacturing, and service. The Great Migration contributed to culture as it expanded civil movements and creation of new communities. -
President Woodrow Wilson signed this act in order to create a central bank system for the United States. It was implemented to establish economic stability within the U.S., using the central banking system to oversee policies. The Federal Reserve Act is one of the most influential laws that helped form the American banking system to what it is today. -
After the House passed the bill with an overwhelming majority, President Woodrow Wilson signed it into law in 1914. This act sought to ban practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers. The law also declared boycotts and labor unions legal under federal law. This act protected the consumers of America, keeping them away from businesses that could make profits by any means necessary. -
The Federal Trade Commission Act preserved competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigating complaints against companies. Founder Woodrow Wilson pushed for more consumer protection and civil antitrust laws. The FTC is still in use to this day to protect consumers and unfair or deceptive acts that interfere with commerce. Protecting competition and protecting consumers is the main priority of the FTC. -
The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret communication sent from Germany to Mexico to propose an alliance between them, in the instance that the US joins the allies in WWI. It was intercepted and shred to the US government and the publication of the telegram to American newspapers fueled public opinion in pushing for the US to join the fight and declare war on Germany. This was a direct threat to American security and shifted the balance of power to the allies with the US joining the Allies. -
The Fourteen Points were a set of principles written by US President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. The speech was to provide an idea for a post-war world order and promote lasting peace globally. The Fourteen Points had a significant impact in peace negotiations and shaped the Treaty of Versailles. Some of the points were adopted, while others not, but laid out an idea of world order in democracy and international cooperation. -
Also known as the National Prohibition Act, it was a federal law which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The act was widely criticized for its ineffectiveness and the consequences of prohibition, which caused an increase in organized crime, bootlegging, and speakeasies. It was eventually repealed in 1933 which ended the prohibition on and legalized the consumption of alcohol in the United States. -
Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the Nazi party was created in 1919 and rose to power in the 1930s. Support was gained from Germans who were suffering from economic effects of World War I. Nationalism, militarism, anti-Semitism were key factors in the party. Under Hitler's leadership, the Nazi party implemented radical social and economic policies to rebuild Germany's economy and military power which they were stripped from in the Treaty of Versailles. -
The 19th Amendment was passed in Congress in 1919, but later ratified in August of 1920. This Amendment legally guaranteed the right for American women to vote. After decades of protests and patience, American women found themselves getting closer to newfound rights. The efforts of women such as Ida B. Wells led to the passing of this in Congress. This would pave a way for more voting rights to expand to different nationalities, but not until later. -
The Klan was founded in the aftermath of the American Civil War, but didn't spike until the early to mid 1900's. It was formed as a social club but evolved into a violent organization to preserve white supremacy and oppose the rights of African Americans. The used terror tactics in order to intimidate and oppress black Americans. The Klan also targeted Jews, Catholics, immigrants, and other minority groups. Although it had once been popular, its now faded to remind us of the symbol of struggle. -
A cultural movement in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City sprung a massive cultural change in America. Creativity and artistic expressions in African Americans gleamed across America, who had been oppressed and belittled for centuries. Intellectuals, writers, and music were shown to celebrate their cultural heritage and a newfound pride within their community. W.E.B Du Bois and Louis Armstrong are some of the most prominent figures of this time. -
A period of severe dust storms and drought occurring in the Great Plains left many American sick and in poverty. Key factors of the cause was poor farming practices, drought, and economic depression. Many families had to eventually leave their farms and homes due to the severe conditions the storms took on the towns. Migration to other parts of the country in search for better work and life were common, and led to better agricultural practices and sustainable farming. -
The Holocaust was the genocide of around six million Jews by the Nazi Party during World War II. It was an attempt to eliminate the Jewish people and other groups that were deemed, 'undesirable' by the Nazis. The Holocaust began in 1933 when the party rose to power in Germany and began persecuting Jews. It elevated into mass murder with many methods including mass shootings, ghettos, concentration camps, and gas chambers. It remains a devastating event of the 20th century and impacted the world. -
Created in 1934, the National Housing Act was passed in response to the Great Depression. Its purpose was to making housing more available to Americans by making their mortgage loans easier to access and affordable. They offered longer-term mortgages which made homeownership more accessible. The creation of the FHA improved the quality of housing and more accessible. -
Executive Order 8802 was signed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was a landmark civil rights directive that twas made to combat discrimination in the defense industry during World War II. I prohibited racial discrimination in defense industries, federal agencies, and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee. African American workers were utilized in the war effort and women were able to join the workplace. This marked the federal government taking action in fair employment. -
The Manhattan Project was a research and development program during World War II that led to the development of the first atomic bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer was the leader of the secret project and brought some of the world's leading scientists along. The use of atomic weapons in World War II was controversial and remains a subject of debate to this day. It impacted the scientific study and community, by the developments of new technologies and science. -
Pearl Harbor was a surprise military attack by the Japanese on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack was major in the decision of the United States joining the war. The United States declared war against Japan and the U.S. became fully involved in the war. The attack was devastating for America but led to the country's resolve in the war and its commitment. The U.s> quickly got ready for war and impacted social changed within the United States. -
The order authorized the forced relocation and interment of Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants into inland internmant camps. The order was issued in response to the fears that Japanese Americans posed a security threat to the United States during the war. Japanese Americans were forced to abandon their homes and live in crowded, minimal conditions. It has been viewed as a violation of civil liberties and human rights and remains as a reminder of government overreach. -
The world Bank is an international organization to promote the economic development and reduce poverty around the world. The IBRD was initially focused on providing loans and other forms of financial assistance to help rebuild Europe after the war. It influenced and supported other institutions such as the International Money Fund which would stabilize national currencies and provide predictable monetary environment for trade. -
D-Day was an Allied invasion of Normandy, France during World War II. The invasion was a critical turning point in the war and marked the beginning and end of the German occupation of Europe. Led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower the goal was to establish a foothold in France. They were met with fierce resistance by the Germans but the Allies were able to reach their goal and the mission was a major success. -
Leaders of the Allied powers during World War II met in order to discuss post-war reorganization of Europe. his included the establishment of the United Nations, Germany, and Eastern Europe. The leaders agreed to divide Germany into four zones, with the USSR, US, Great Britain, and France each have a part. Germany had an unconditional surrender and war crime trials were held for German Leaders. -
Hiroshima, Japan became the site of the first atomic bombing in history. During the final stages of World War II, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, resulting in the death of 80,000 people and many more due to radiation poisoning and injuries. The Manhattan Project is what led to the creation of the atomic bomb intending to make Japan surrender and end the war. Three days later, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki which led to Japan's surrender. -
NATO is a military alliance established to provide defense against the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War. It was created in response to the USSR's expansion policies and the threat of communism. British Prime Minister William Churchill proposed the idea and was later brought forth in the outbreak of the Korean War. Collective defense was established and provided defense against Soviet aggression in Europe. -
Brown v. Board of Education was a significant US Supreme Court case that declared segregation of public schools to be unconstitutional. The case challenged the legality of "separate but equal" which was established in Plessy v. Ferguson. It was violated at unconstitutional because it violated the 14th Amendment. The court stated that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and could never be made equal. This was a major victory for the civil rights movement. -
Signed into law by President Dwight. D. Eisenhower, the act authorized the construction of vast interstate highways across the United States. The key purpose of the act was to improve the nation's infrastructure for defense and to develop the economy. It would be able to transfer troops more quickly in the event of a national emergency. This had a profound impact on American society, impacting the way we drive, travel, and the formation of communities. -
The launch of Sputnik was a significant event in the Cold War space race between the Soviet Union and the United States, and impacted science, technology, and politics. The first artificial satellite launched into space sent the United States into a panic with the fear of the Soviet Union's technological and military capabilities. It launched the interest of improving science and technology in the US. NASA was created after this event and was made to oversee the U.S. space program. -
A failed military in Cuba made by the United States left the country embarrassment and a setback. The CIA-backed group made of Cuban exiles who fled the country in fear of Fidel Castro's power. The operation was intended to overthrow the communist government of Fidel Castro, but they were unable to get a foothold on the island. The group was quickly outgunned and outnumbered. This led to increased tension between the United States and Cuba. -
U.S. planes discovered Soviet missiles being constructed in Cuba and the US ordered the Soviet Union to remove the missiles, and created a blockade. The USSR insisted that the missile sites were defensive and this created a tension between both sides, waiting for action. After several days, the USSR removed the missiles in exchange for the U.S. to not invade Cuba. It is considered one of the closest times the world was near nuclear war and caused tension across the world. -
The Act is a landmark piece of US legislation that prohibited discriminatory voting practices that had been used to disenfranchise African Americans and other minority groups. The Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to the widespread discrimination and violence that prevented black Americans from voting. The Act had a profound impact on American democracy and high participation rates in voting from African Americans . -
The My Lai massacre took place in a village in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Led by Lieutenant William Calley, US Army soldiers entered the village and massacred unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. The massacre was covered up by the military, but was eventually leaked to the press. My Lai sparked widespread outrage and fueled anti-war sentiment in the United States and was deeply troubling i US military history. -
The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal that occurred during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The affair involved secret arms sales to Iran, in exchange for Iran's help in securing the hostages. The administration then used the profits to illegally fund anti-communist Contras in Nicaragua, who were fighting against the socialist government. This was a major blow to the Reagan presidency, and led to debate over the limits of executive power.