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First permanent English settlement in the New World. No cash crops and no gold lead to the "starving time". Eventually, the introduction of tobacco lead to private property and wealth. Labor issues then lead to indentured servitude.
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Pilgrims migrated to the New World, on the Mayflower. They landed in Plymouth rock on November 9, 1620. The Mayflower Compact talked about the rights of Englishmen. Self-government.
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Established self-government early on with no attention from the mother country. Bible commonwealth with a lack of equality and diversity, religious intolerance, voting restrictions, and no church and state separation.
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New England education everyone needed to know how to read the bible. Everyone knew everyone due to the closeness of all the towns and houses. Religion was normally puritans and then later on Baptists. The economy was hard due to rocky soil and a short growing season.
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Early on started as indentured servitude, changed in conditions starting the 1650s. Went through the middle passage. Slave resistance was high passive and aggressive. The Great Awakening involved emotional sermons with vivid images of hell, death, and punishment. Old lights v. New lights.
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Known as the breadbasket colonies as they grew wheat, corn, and grain. With diverse cities and a center for most trade. Diverse in religion and separation of church and state. The middle colonies also had a lot coming into their economy through agriculture, trade and commerce, and manufacturing.
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Chesapeake is a sub-region of the south that is agriculturally focused on tobacco. In the south you had to own land to make money and many poor people didn't have access to education and often were homeschooling. Chirches were not common and not practiced collectively. Main source of the economy was ports and agriculture like tobacco in the Chesapeake and rice and indigo in the rest of the south.
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An attempt by England to crack down on the colonies. By controlling trade through the US and only letting them trade through England.
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Known as the seven-year war. The French started to build forts in the Ohio valley. Washington fought them for the British territory in PA. The French ended up having a lot of Indian tribes on their side.
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This prohibited settlement west of Appalachians. The purposes were to control colonists in a smaller area for an easier rule, could control fur trade, and to protect them from natives. Colonists didn't react well and moved west anyways.
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Was put into place to pay off war debt from the French and Indian War. Colonists protested and that ended in smuggling and boycotting goods that were taxed.
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Towns and households had to pay for the quartering of British troops, this angered many colonists and they were very rude and needy and made paying for them a terrible task. The Stamp Act was a tax put on anything of paper, this angered the colonist as they soon realized these taxes weren't going away and they were getting worse.
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After the repeal of the stamp act, Britain added the Declaratory Act. This act asserted Britain as in charge as they wanted to show their power.
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The purpose was so that parliament can bankroll royal governors. This was a tax on lead, glass, tea, paper, and paint. The colonial reaction to the act was a mass circular letter and the sons of liberty responded as well.
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This gave the East Indian tea company a monopoly in the colonies. Prices were fixed and no other competition. The colonial reaction resulted in the Boston tea party.
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This was a way to punish Boston as it also involved an act on Bostons Port. Colonies sent money, food, and more to Boston and this became a new sense of unity.
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Here hey discussed how Washington was going to be commander and chief. Discussed and wrote the declaration of causes of taking up arms and the olive branch petition.
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The declaration of independence started with an intro, grievances, and the declaration. Stated that the colonies are and ought to be free states, and stated how the colonist was to end things with Britain.
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This battle was the turning point of the war. This battle showed France that helping the Colonies was an option.
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Stated that there would be one legislative branch, with no power to tax, regulate trade, enforce laws, and there was no national currency. With no national military, the government couldn't get rid of British forts in the NW.
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This treaty ended the Revolutionary War as well as declared the colonies independent. In the end, the colonies gained land east of the Mississippi.
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The new government was working for many colonists. This rebellion showed how disfunctional the new government was and showed people in power they needed to change.
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Held in Philidelphia, where they came up with ideas like the balance of power in legislation, restrictions on suffrage, and strong executive. Eventually, compromises had to be made and many disagreements happened between larger states and small states about representation.
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Was often referred to as the Great Experiment as the US had never had a president before. During his presidency, he set up some characteristics of what the presidency would involve like terms and independent cabinets.
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Changed requirements for becoming a citizen in the US. "Aliens" could be deported at any time. It was illegal to criticize high government officials. Later argued as unconstitutional.
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During this election, no one got a majority in the house and Hamilton ended up putting himself in Jefferson's corner, he knew that Jefferson had the right intentions fo the government. Jefferson ended up winning the election.
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The ruling was that John Adams, as president, can't just make up jobs and must start with legislative. This concluded in judicial review meaning that the court can accuse the president's actions or legislation as unconstitutional and can review all laws.
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This Embargo cut down on all trade. So with no imports, the economy went down making federalists mad and democrats angry because they believed he was abandoning his principles.
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Madison who was previously secretary of state ran against Pinckney. Madison was known for his very poor character and wasn't very well-liked.
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An Embargo on both Britain and France as they attacked the US ships. This didn't stop them from attacking them and never stopped the problem.
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Between Britain and France, whichever one agrees to respect our rights at sea first will be the one country we trade with while embargoing the other. France agreed first
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England violated the US choice of neutrality and they believed they could trade with anyone they wanted event two in war. Lasted three years with both a defensive and an offensive side to the war.
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Gathering of federalists during the war. The purpose was to discuss changes to be made to the constitution. Limit congress power to make war, to create embargo, and admit states. This became the end to the federalist party.
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Included protective tariffs to increase American made goods. Rechartered the second bank of America. Internal funding for stronger ties and transportation.
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A guiding principle for the foreign policy through the end of the century. No new European colonies and the US promises to stay ou of any internal problems with Europe.
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Candidates Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, JQA, etc... With no majority speaker of the house, Henry Clay, choose JQA as Clay didn't like Jackson.
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There were no key issues during the campaigning so most of the election was just insults back and forth. Andrew Jackson won the election and claimed a mandate. Jackson had the appeal of a "common man" image.
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The forced relocation of US Native Americans from homelands in the southeast to land west of the Mississippi River. 25% of these Natives died.
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Lowered the Tariff to 35%, South Carolina voted to nullify it. This angered Jackson, he prepared an army to march down to SC. Clay's Compromise tariff started out at 35% and would gradually reduce.
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While there was some positive aspects of the banks, like money regulation and balance, many people opposed the banks due to small PET banks and monopolies and the question of if they were constitutional.
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Congress passed this allowing only gold and silver to be accepted for land in the west. Greenbacks were useless as banks eventually ran out of gold and silver and had to close down.
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Harrison won and gave the longest speech in the cold which he later died from. Tyler Polk became president who was Anti-whig and driven to the democrats.
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Polk v Clay, Polk's platform was very specific with the annexation of many states and lowering the tariff.
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Due to foreign interest from England a proposed treaty was made so that Texas would enter as a free state with no slavery. South Carolina threatens to succeed and texas admission was 12/29/45.
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Fought over land in the south. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US agreed to give Mexico money for their land that is almost equivalent to current line.
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Election against Democrat, Whigs, and Free-Soilers. Politician and General Zachary Taylor won in the aftermath of the Mexican war.
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After a gold rush in California, a huge influx of people migrated to California and New Mexico allowing them to join as a state. They both wanted to join as free states, the south did not like this idea and South Carolina threatened to succeed. The compromise came in 6 parts. The majority of it was that California would be free and popular sovereignty would determine the slave status in new Mexico. In exchange higher fugitive slave laws would be put into place.
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During the Election of 1852, it was against Pierce and Scott. During this election, it became the end of the Whig party and soon became a North V. South battle.
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Stephen Douglas, a senator from Illinois, wanted to make a name for himself and decided he wanted the Transcontinental Railroad to start in Chicago. In order to do this he needed more organized land. Soon Kansas and Nebraska were formed for new land and popular sovereignty would decide the state's slave status. This undermined previous bills and compromises and gave power to people who were not ready.
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Involved the sacking of Lawrence, and abolitionist settlement. Also, the Pottawatomie massacre involved the death of 5 people. John Brown Radical.
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Caused by overproduction of goods and overextension of railroads. This resulted in only the north being effected, used by the south to state that due to slavery they had a stable economic standpoint.
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Abraham Lincoln was the Republican's choice because he wasn't very well known and hadn't made any enemies yet. He took the free-soil position, protective tariff, rights for immigrants, and more. Lincoln ended up winning and the south didn't acknowledge the republican party.
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The beginning of the civil war. South Carolina first in 1860, followed by many more states, forming the confederacy.
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Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation after the Antietam win. It stated that all slaves in states where there was rebellion were freed and could now join the union army.
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Gettysburg was a major union win and was a turning point in the war in the east. Vicksburg was the only town the union hadn't captured and on July 3rd, 1863 they captured the town and it was a major turning point for both sides as the union now controlled Mississippi.
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Lincoln was running against George McClellan. McClellan was for slavery, Lincoln won re-election.
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Involved Freemans Bureau, Civil Rights Act, and 14th Amendment. In order to enter the union, you had to recognize African American Suffrage and only the congress could pardon confederates.
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After the Election of Andrew Johnson, he split the south up into 5 districts. The south wasn't following the reconstruction requirements so militia was sent down to the districts to enforce them.
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Seymor V. Grant, Grant wins by a lot. Warned Republicans that they wouldn't be able to keep majority without the votes of African Americans who also pushed for the 15th Amendment.
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Completed on May 10th, 1869. Finished through government-supported money and immigrant labor.
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Monopoly created within the Transcontinental Railroad. One railroad company bought another company made by themselves and then bought the stock for a company that was also there own. Which ultimately meant they were using federal money to raise its own stock.
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There were no exchanges of greenback for gold and silver. This stopped the banks from shutting down, which were government steps, even though it was the worst panic yet.
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Hilden vs Tilden, neither received the votes needed to win. States started to question whether their votes were being counted.
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After the election of 1876 and its own issues, a compromise was made. Hayes would be president, military reconstruction would be over, federal money would be given to the south for rebuilding, cabinet seats would be opened for democrats, and an unspoken agreement that the south would ignore 14 and 15th amendments.
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Caused the Republican party to split. While one side thought that the civil service reform was a good idea the other side did not. Garfield won but then was Assassinated.
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This was an Immigration restriction placed in the US. Restricted Chinese immigrants from coming to the US, because they were taking jobs that could be given to US citizens. Sense of nationalism.
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During the Election of 1884. Cleveland, the Republican politician, campaigned Laissez-Faire, Civil service reform, pensions, tariffs, and more.
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Members included skilled workers, run by Samuel Gompers. Their goals were to receive higher wages, get fewer hours, and work in better conditions.
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Stated that the Federal government was the one that could control trade. It also states that the railroads had to start charging fair rates.
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Was used to put an end to monopolies controlling industries. It was also used to break up labor unions who were getting in the way of production.
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When a labor union went on strike a group of Pinkerton guards were hired. When they were ordered to work by the government, this resulted in them moving from an 8 hour day to a 12 hour day.
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Pullman car company cut wages for workers causing a labor movement, lead by Eugene Debs, to go on strike. In the end, the company won due to government aid and help, but Eugene Debs was labeled as an American Idol.
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At the beginning of US involvement in imperialism, the US got into the war in the Caribbean. Here through the Treaty of Paris, we gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This war is significant as it raised the status of the US and put us into an empire status to other high-end countries.
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Gained through the Treaty of Paris after the end of the Spanish- American war.
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Republican McKinley against Democrat Bryan. Put Roosevelt as vice president in hopes of his career dying. Resulted in a solid south vote and Mckinley winning.
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After the Assassination of Mckinley, Teddy Roosevelt became president. Became the youngest president.
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Teddy Roosevelt was reelected and implemented the Square deal. Meaning everything was fair, even, and no favoring, Solid south vote as well.
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TR thought of this as his greatest achievement. It created national forests all around the country that would be protected.
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Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce. It also laid a foundation for the US's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration.
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Taft v Bryan, Taft was governor of the Philippines and didn't want to become president but everyone else wanted him to. Resulted in Taft as president and Solid South.
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This amendment created the income tax. Allowed congress to be able to collect taxes on income.
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Between Wilson and old president TR. The campaigns were New nationalism (TR) vs. New Freedom (Wilson). Wilson won.
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This Act created the Federal Reserve. Controlled how much money was in circulation and the interest rates. Regulated the economy.
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The Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian people started the war.
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Wilsons campaign was that he had kept the US out of the war while Hughes's platform was neutral on war and pushed more on the tariff. The outcome was very close but Wilson won.
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With submarine warfare from Germany, the Russian Revolution meaning that the Allies need our help, and Germany plotting against us by recruiting Mexico, the US declared war.
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Under the Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI, Germany had to claim guilt for the war, give up all colonies, pay $33 million, and demilitarize.
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Increased fear throughout the US after bombings and the Russian Revolution. Fear of Anarchy and communism.
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Set a new quota for immigration by using 1910's numbers and making 3% the new quota.
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Veterans in 20 years they will receive money in the future for every day they were overseas or for on state lines.
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Hoover v. Smith. Issues involved Prohibition, Religion, and Nativism. Hoover won overwhelmingly.
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The catalyst that starts a downwards spiral and leads to the Great Depression.
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Hoover v. Roosevelt, Roosevelt brought the New Deal that was to be the solution to the Great Depression. Roosevelt won.
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Shut down banks for 3 days all over the country, By doing this they are taking money from banks that are failing and putting it into stable banks.
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Part of the New Deal passed during the Great Depression in order to make housing and home mortgages more affordable. Also, racially discriminated loans called redlining.
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Guaranteed the right of employees to organize into unions, do collective bargaining, and take action such as strikes.
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FDR coming in for reelection, with a huge majority, 523 votes to 8.
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Due to the Acts of Germany's leader, Hitler, Britain declared war as he tried to take over countries and convert them to communism. US remained neutral.
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FDR was elected again for the third time and was the first president to do three terms.
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US pacific fleet was destroyed after being bombed by Japanese planes. BY doing this the US can not fight back easily. US wanted to declare war but there was one vote against.
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Allied forces invaded northern France by beach landings in Normandy. Followed by the Liberation of Paris.
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After the invasion of Berlin and the death of Hitler and Nazi high command, US soldiers liberated camps.
