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South Africa became a unified state within the British Empire. It combined four British colonies as separate provinces withing the new state: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Black people could not vote. -
The Native National Congress was founded, later renamed the African National Congress (ANC). It's vision was to unite Africans and to secure their right to vote. -
ANC Youth League Manifesto urged new militant African leaders to wage a more vigorous campaign against racial discrimination. Its leaders are Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo. -
The United Party Commissions the Fagan Report, which recommends gradual integration of the races. The National Party commissions the Sauer Report, which recommends a policy of apartheid. -
In 1944, Nelson Mandela and other young nationalists created the
ANC Youth League. -
This law was presented by the state as a device for land betterment but its practical significance forced removal or slaughter of cattle belonging to african reservist. -
This law required that every person be classified within a hierarchy specified as white, colored, Asian or Bantu (black African). -
This law formally divided South Africa up into territories where the different race groups had to live. -
This act divided territories designated for blacks into different homelands based upon 10 tribal groupings and it stripped blacks of their participation rights. -
The ANC, SACP, ACPO co-ordinate a May Day strike. The police opened fire on the protesters killing 19 and
wounding 30 people. -
On June 26, the ANC called for a general strike and a day of
mourning in protest at the May day murders. -
This law formally banned the Communist Party of South Africa and proscribed any party or group subscribing to communism. -
A law made to enforce racial segregation, and was part of a deliberate process to remove all non-white people from the voters' roll and revoke the Cape Qualified Franchise system. -
Also named the Natives Act of 1952, the Pass Laws permitted authorities to enforce segregation of the black and white communites and required black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book. -
The ANC Defiance Campaign of 1952 was the largest scale non-
violent resistance ever seen in South Africa. -
A law was passed, stating that anyone even speaking out against the regime would be guilty of 'incitement'. -
Strict segregation by race in public offices, business, and public transportation. -
This act separated fair and good education for black youth. -
It was a great effect of Sharpville Massacre, all rights could be stripped, and it called for an emergency of 156 days. -
It empowered the government to declare states of emergency and increased penalties for protestors. -
A law that allowed owners of public facilities the right to exclude people on the basis of colour or race and made it legal for races to be treated unequally. -
Government could force the removal of people from areas. The government didn’t want mixed populated areas, and it complimented the group areas development of 1955. -
The Freedom Charter united people of all racial origins in a common struggle to end apartheid and to establish a non-racial democratic state. -
The Congress of the People was held over two days in a field in Kliptown, just outside Johannesburg. -
The police arrested 156 Congress Alliance leaders (104 African, 23 white, 21 Indian and 8 coloured) and charged them with treason under the Suppression of Communism Act. -
A group of radicalized activists split away from the ANC to form the PAC. -
During a PAC demonstration against pass books in Sharpeville, the police opened fire, killing 69 black protestors. -
The ANC and the PAC were outlawed. Due to his overall ‘responsibility’ for the Pass Protest in Sharpeville, Sobukwe was arrested and jailed until 1969. -
Members of both the PAC and ANC felt they had no alternative but to turn to armed resistance. -
In the PAC, Leballo set up a militant wing called Poqo (pure), which launched a campaign of terrorism against individuals. -
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan delivered his “Winds of Change” speech, suggesting that Black nationalism was a force that had to be acknowledged and accepted. -
UN Resolution 1598 condemns apartheid. -
South Africa declared itself a republic. Its request to remain a member of the british commonwealth is rejected by the British government. -
UN Resolution 1761 encourages members "separately or collectively, in conformity with the charter" to break trade and diplomatic relations with South Africa. -
Ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system. -
Mandela and other leaders of the MK were given life sentences and sent to Robben Island. -
The African Resistance Movement (ARM) was a group made up largely by white students who had been part of the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). -
The Women’s March: 20,000 ANC women marched to the Prime Minister’s office to deliver a petition calling for the abolition of the pass laws. -
This act repealed the laws that prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between white people and black people.