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India Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. It ended Crown suzerainty and partitioned British Raj into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. -
Salt March - India Independence Movement
The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. -
Apartheid Begins (aftermath of general election)
The South African government officially launches the system of apartheid, severely restricting the freedom of Black Africans. Hoping to get votes from the white Africans, the National Party promises to make laws severely restricting black rights if they win the general election. The National Party defeats the United Party and apartheid begins. -
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South Africa Apartheid
Apartheid in South Africa was the racial segregation under the all-white government of South Africa. This dictated that non-white South Africans (a majority of the population) were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities and contact between the two groups -
The African National Congress starts the Defiance Campaign
Volunteers begin a peaceful resistance to apartheid by breaking the laws they think are wrong. The peaceful protests include black people sitting on benches marked for white people only and being out in the city after the curfew set for blacks. -
MMR - Mau Mau Rebellion
Issues like the expulsion of Kikuyu tenants from settler farms, loss of land to white settlers, poverty, and lack of true political representation for Africans provided the impetus for the revolt. During this time events like these took place throughout a major time period during the rebellion:
August 24: Curfew Imposed
October 7: Assassination
October 19: The British Send Troops
October 21: State of Emergency
October 30: Arrests of Mau Mau Activists -
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Mau Mau Rebellion
The Mau Mau rebellion, also known as the Mau Mau uprising was a war in the British Kenya Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, also known as the Mau Mau and the British authorities. It stepped up its attacks on European settlers and Kikuyu, culminating in the attack on the village of Lari in March 1953 in which 84 Kikuyu civilians, mainly women and children, were murdered. British troops began to reinforce local forces to try and counter these attacks. -
The Bantu Education Act is passed
The separation between blacks and whites. Blacks are trained to prepare them for a life as part of the working class and whites are sent to have a real education with a bright future, unlike the blacks. -
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uban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution was the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's regime by the 26th of July Movement and the establishment of a new Cuban government led by Fidel Castro in 1959. It was a military and political effort to overthrow the government of Cuba. It began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. -
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Algerian War for Independence
The Algerian War was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front. This conflict led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. -
Nelson Mandela is charged for treason
Nelson was an anti-apartheid activist and was arrested for fighting against apartheid. He is charged with treason but ends up found not guilty. -
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Ghana Independence Movement
Ghana gained independence from Britain. Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president for life. -
Separate homelands are created for the major black groups
The government passes new laws to create separate homelands, called Bantustans, for the major black groups in the country. The government does this to stop blacks from being citizens of South Africa. -
Sharperville Massacure Killings
Police killed 69 people who did not bring their passbooks (identification). Apartheid required blacks to carry passbooks, without them consequences were death. -
National Liberation Front - Algerian War for Independence
National Liberation Front was to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. NLF was a terrorist organization. -
Pan-Africanism - Ghana Independence Movement
Pan-Africanism was the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa. Pan-Africanism opposed several ideas, none more important than its opposition to outside influence on Africa, notably colonialism and economic exploitation. -
Sharpeville Massacre - South Africa Apartheid
The Sharpeville massacre happened at the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa. After demonstrating against passing laws, a crowd of about 7,000 protesters went to the police station. This ended with police officers in a black township in South Africa opening fire on a group of people peacefully protesting oppressive pass laws, killing 69. -
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Congo Independence Movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. -
Assassination of Patrice Lumumba - Congo Independence Movement
Lumumba was captured and imprisoned en route by state authorities under Mobutu. He was handed over to Katangan authorities, and executed in the presence of Katangan and Belgian officials and military officers. His body was thrown into a shallow grave, but later dug up and destroyed. -
Nelson sentences for life imprisonment
After getting out of prison from the first time, later he is arrested for his role in bombing government targets and sentenced to life in prison. -
Rhodesia illegally gains independence from Great Britain
Prime Minister Ian Smith announces that Rhodesia has broken away from Great Britain and that whites will control the government. Great Britain had been prepared to only grant independence if blacks were given some of the power in government. -
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Cambodian Civil War
The Cambodian Civil War was a civil war in Cambodia fought between the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which had succeeded the kingdom. The Khmer Rouge wanted to replace Prince Sihanouk with a communist government. -
Anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko is killed
Steve Biko, one of the organizers of the Soweto protest, is arrested on August 18, 1977. He dies in police custody on September 12 and the cause of death is severe brain damage, likely from being beaten by police. -
South Africa is expelled from the United Nations
Due to apartheid, South Africa is removed from the United Nations. South Africa is not allowed back into the United Nations until apartheid ends in 1994. -
Khmer Rouge - Cambodian Civil War
The Khmer Rouge was a brutal regime that ruled Cambodia, under the leadership of Marxist dictator Pol Pot, from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot's attempts to create a Cambodian “master race” through social engineering ultimately led to the deaths of more than 2 million people in the Southeast Asian country. -
More than 600 students are killed in the Soweto Massacre
High school students in Soweto start a protest for an improved education system for blacks. Police break up the protest with tear gas and bullets, killing more than 600 people. -
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Iranian Revolution
Iranian Revolution was the popular uprising in Iran in 1978–79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. The major cause of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 was the government's inability to satisfy the rising expectations of the Iranian people—especially following the sudden enormous increase in the price of oil in 1973. -
Hostage Crisis - Iranian Revolution
Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line. These people also supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, and took them as hostages. -
Musicians form Artists United Against Apartheid
Musician Steven Van Zandt forms Artists United Against Apartheid after touring South Africa. The album "Sun City" comes out on December 7 and features several anti-apartheid songs, including "Silver and Gold" by U2. -
Paul Simon releases the album "Graceland"
Paul Simon traveled to South Africa to make the album "Graceland" with local South African musicians. When the album is released on August 12, 1986, Simon is criticized by many people, including the African National Congress, for breaking the cultural boycott. -
President Frederik Willem de Klerk ends the ban on the African National Congress
Even though he supported segregation at one time, President Frederick Willem de Klerk lifts the ban on the African National Congress in 1990. In 1993, de Klerk wins the Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela for helping end apartheid. -
Nelson Mandela is released from prison
After 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela is freed from prison. Mandela thanks President de Klerk for helping set him free, but says that there is more work to be done to end apartheid. -
Neslon made President of South Africa
Nelson took the opportunity of the first-ever election for both whites and blacks to vote. He is the first black president in the history of South Africa.