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Jan 1, 1491
Countries Before Columbus
What was Africa, Europe, and America like before Columbus discovered America? How did these countries change (Columbian Exchange)? -
Jan 1, 1491
Events leading to Columbus' Discovery
Lateen Sail A triangular sail to make the boat more maneuverable Movable type A system of printing. Technological advances in Europe. Made information more accessible -
Period: Jan 1, 1491 to
Period 1
1491-1607 -
Jan 1, 1492
Columbus Discovers North America
Columbus was sent by Spain on a voyage to try to get to Asia but he instead reached the Americas. Causes the Columbian Exchange - A broad mutual transfer of diseases, plants, and animals resulting from European voyages -
Jan 1, 1497
John Cabot
John Cabot was European accredited with discovering America. Brought first formal knowledge of northern coastline and claimed land for England -
Jan 1, 1525
Atlantic Slave Trade
Used Africans as slaves because they believed that it was okay to enslave heathens. Slaves were needed when less English were willing to indenture themselves for long terms of service so they English needed workers for their fields -
England's Reasons for Settlement
English population boom The English population doubled. It was largely because of the nutritious food from America. Many English were moved to America to make England less crowded. Also, they came over for religous reasons. Black Robes - Jesuits (missionaries), a Roman Catholic order dedicated to converting nonbelievers to Christianity, came from France and the Indians called them Black Robes. Wanted religious freedom -
Raleigh's Colony
England's first attempt to plant a permanent settlement in the New World. Unsuccessful. Known as the Lost Colony -
VA Company
A joint stock company that finances settlements. Financed Jamestown -
First English settlement founded
Jamestown - An English settlement on a swampy peninsula. Powhatan Confederacy A group of six Algonquian villages. Helped the Jamestown settlers to survive by trading excess food supplies for knives and guns -
How people came over
Headright system - Every new arrival paying his or her own way was promised a land grant of 50 acres; those who financed the passage of others received land grants for those people. This was an incentive to get people to move to Virginia. Also used Indentured servitude - People coming from England would be contracted to work for a period of years for their passage to America -
Period: to
Period 2
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First forms of Government in New World
House of Burgesses - land-owning men elected representatives to this assembly to control their own local governments and the Mayflower Compact - A written form of government for the settlement -
First African slaves in English colonies
How were the Africans brought over and how were they treated? -
Pilgrims and Mayflower Compact
The pilgrims (Separatists) came over seeking religious freedom to the Plymouth colony. -
Boston
Puritans left England to escape religous persecution. John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, wanted these colonies to be a "City upon a Hill". -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A joint-stock company created by merchants who allowed the settlers in Cape Ann to worship freely (mostly for Puritans). John Winthrop Was elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Company -
Roger Williams Banished
A separatist who immigrated to Massachusetts Bay found things wrong with the religion and the way they were running the land. He was convicted of challenging the validity of the colony's charter and banished. He founded a little colony with freedom of religion -
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts. She was a Puritan who organized religious meetings for women and challenged political authority of the clergy. She was tried for telling lies about someone. John Winthrop declared her unfit for their society. She moved to Long Island where she was killed in an Indian raid. -
Quebec and Montreal
Quebec was a trading post the French set up. It was the most easily defended spot in the ST. Lawrence River Valley and controlled access to the heartland of the continent. Montreal was the second post they set up. -
Enlightenment
The intellectual current. European thinkers began to analyze nature to discover general principles behind motions of planets and stars, falling stars, light and sound. Had enormous impact on educated people in Europe and America (astronomy, Benjamin Franklin's experimentation of electricity). Also, advances in medicine and affected politics (Know John Locke) -
England's Reasons for Settlement
English population boom - The English population doubled. It was largely because of the nutritious food from America. Many English were moved to America to make England less crowded. Also missionaries wanted to save the people in the New World. Jesuits (missionaries), a Roman Catholic order dedicated to converting nonbelievers to Christianity, came from France and the Indians called them Black Robes -
King Philip's War
King Philip, an Indian, was afriad about what the land loss and Christianity of the English would do to his tribe so he staged a war against the English. After Philip was killed, the war ended. It was the most fatal war in American history. At the end of the war, over half of the English towns in New England were destroyed. -
Bacon's Rebellion
(In Virginia) Settlers attacked Indians after some Doeg Indians killed an English servant. Governor William Berkeley resisted starting a major war and dissatisfied colonists rallied behind Nathaniel Bacon. Berkeley declared Bacon to be in rebellion. Bacon pursued Indians and battled the governor's supporters. Bacon burned Jamestown to the ground. When Bacon died of dysentery the rebellion collapsed. A new treaty signed in 1677 opened much of the disputed territory to English settlement -
Pueblo Revolt
The Spanish tried to get rid of all traces of the native religion and placed heavy labor demands on the population of Pueblos. In 1680, the Pueblos revolted under the leadership of Popé and successfully drove the Spanish out of New Mexico. Spanish restore authority in 1700, but they no longer attempted to reduce them to bondage or violate their cultural integrity. The Pueblo revolt constituted the most successful and longest sustained Indian resistance movement in colonial North America. -
King William's War
England declared war on France in 1689. New England found itself on the defensive. Witchcraft accusations spread -
Witchcraft
People in small yet densely populated New England communities experienced it. These people were thought to harness invisible spirits for good or evil purposes. Mostly women - families lived nearby for decades fostered longstanding quarrels that lead to others thinking their neighbors caused certain misfortunes. Only few were convicted and fewer were executed -
Atlantic Slave trade
Used Africans as slaves because they believed that it was okay to enslave heathens. Slaves were needed when less English were willing to indenture themselves for long terms of service so they English needed workers for their fields. 4/5 of the people brought to America were from Africa and enslaved. -
John Peter Zenger trial
A newspaper editor imprisoned for vigorously criticizing a government's actions - his lawyer argued that the truth could not be damaging of reputation and helping to establish the free-press principle -
Stono Rebellion
A group of about 20 slaves went near Stono, seizing guns and amunition, they killed the storekeepers and some nearby planter families. Joined by local slaves, they headed to Florida in hopes of finding refuge. A troop of militia attacked the fugitives and killed some and dispersed the rest. Caught most and executed them. Caused reign of terror in the summer of 1741 -
King George's War
British vessels clashed with Spanish ships and sparked a conflict. War helped Boston's economy until military suffered major losses in Caribbean battles. In 1745, New England captured the French fortress of Louisbourg (guarded sea-lanes leading to New France) which led to heavy taxation in Massachusetts and lots of widows and children crowded Boston's relief rolls. Ship building boom ended with the war.
Middle colonies and Chesapeake were affected positively
Lower south went into a depression d -
Great Awakening
A time of religious revival (Know Jonathon Edwards) -
Seven Years War
Governor of Virginia sent a small militia troop to build forts and a French force came and the militia surrendered. George Washington attacked French department and surrendered. French and Indians ambushed British and colonists a year later. When news got to Britain, they declared war on France. Britain won -
Period: to
Period 3
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Albany Congress
In response to the French threat, delegates from 7 middle and northern colonies gathered in Albany, New York in 1754. They sought to persuade the Iroquois to abandon their traditional neutrality and coordinate the defenses of the colonies -
Regulator Movements
Violent conflicts of frontier people's dissatisfaction with the Carolina government. Opposition heightened rapidly - Numerous sects fragmented into major denominations - led to American willingness to tolerate religious diversity -
Proclaimation Act of 1763
Perserved the land west of the Appalation mountains for the Indians -
The Sugar Act
Also known as the revenue act. Revised existing customs regulations and laid new duties on some foreign imports into the colonies. Also established a court at Halifax, Nova Scotia to judge violations of the law and other maritime offenses -
The Stamp Act
Required tax stamps on most printed materials including newspapers, pamphlets, will papers, land transfers, dice and playing cards, liquor license, government appointments, borrowed money. Tax stamps had to be paid with sterlings which was scarce in colonies. Law broke the colonial tradition of self-imposed taxation. Colonists reacted with demonstrations such as riots, and burning buildings, the sons of liberty, Virginia stamp act resoves, and pamphlets. -
Declaratory Act
Passed by Rockingham, replacement for prime minister, asserted that Parliament had authority to tax and legislate for Britain's American possessions "in all cases whatsoever" -
Townshend Act
duties levied on trade goods like paper, glass, and tea - seemed to be nothing more than extensions of the existing Navigation Acts. Colonies reacted with letters from a Pennsylvania farmer, rituals of resistance, and daughters of liberty. -
British arrive in Boston
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Boston Massacre
a confrontation between civilians and soldiers in Boston lead to 5 American deaths. The source of the problem was the decision to base the American Board of Customs Commissioners in Boston. On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd of laborers began throwing hard-packed snowballs at soldiers guarding the Customs House. Sentries acted against express orders and fired on the crowd killing four and wounding eight, one of whom died later. -
Tea Act
Only Townshend duty still in effect by 1773. May 1773, Parliament passed an act designed to save the East India Company from Bankruptcy. Legal tea would henceforth be sold in America only by the East India Company's designated agents, which would enable the company to avoid middlemen in both England and the colonies and to price its tea competitively with that offered by smugglers -
Intolerable Acts
Coercive acts Ordered the port of Boston closed until the tea was paid for, prohibiting all but costal trade in food and firewood. Substituted an appointed council for the elected one, increasing the governor's powers, forbidden most town meetings -
First Continental Congress
There were 55 delegates, representing every colony but Georgia, that convened in Philidelphia. (Some people there were Samuel and John Adams, Hoseph Galloway, John Dickenson, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, and George Washington) Three tasks - defining American grievances, developing a plan for resistance, and articulating their constitutional relationship with Great Britain. -
Continental Association
called for nonimportation of British goods and non consumption of British products and non exportation of American goods to Britain and the British West Indies -
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The British went into Lexington where about 70 American militiamen were. A shot ran out and caused American causalities and their retreat. British moved to Concord where there was a larger army who fought and caused 272 British casualties and a British retreat -
Quebec Act
Intended to ease strains that had arisen since the British conquest of the formerly French colony, Quebec act granted greater religious freedom to Catholics, reinstated French civil law, established an appointed council as the governing body of the colony. -
Second Continental Congress
Told the Indians to not get involved and remain neutral. -
Second Continental Congress
had to assume the responsibility of an intercolonial government. It authorized the printing of money, established a committee to supervise relations with foreign countries, took steps to strengthen the militia, and created the Continental Army and appointed its generals -
George Washington took command of the Continental Army
Became commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He was dignified, conservative, and respectable. One of the largest slave holders in Virginia -
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
Virginia's royal governor offered to free any slave or indentured servant who would leave their patriot masters and join the British forces. Caused fear for slaveowners. Dunmore hoped to get African Americans to help fight and disrupt the economy. Patriots used it to persuade slaveowners to join the Continental Association to protect themselves against their slaves -
Abigail Adams
expressed new ideas of women's roles in letters to her husband asking that he remember women when he is making laws. She talked about a rebellion and refusal to obey laws that do not give women a voice or representation. -
First Draft of the Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson. Was adopted on July 4 with some changes to the original draft. Said that if the government does not allow for them to be equal men, the people should abolish it and institute new government. When they adopted it, they were committing treason. -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine was the author. Called strictly for independence. Challenged many common American assumptions about government and the colonies relationship with Britain. He advocated the establishment of a government by the people without a king and nobility. Relied heavily on the Bible -
the First Emancipation
Gradual abolition of slavery - Virginia first, Massachusetts, most states north of Maryland, no southern states -
Articles of Confederation
proposed a unicameral (one-house) legislature in which each state had one vote. Its powers included conducting foreign relations, mediating disputes between states, controlling maritime affairs, regulating Indian trade, and valuing state and national coinage -
Battle of Saratoga
British (Burgoyne) were surrounded and surrendered all of his force of more than six thousand men. Brought joy to the patriots and discouragement to the loyalists and Britons. Prompted Lord North to authorize a peace commission to offer what the Americans had requested in 1774, but it was too late. It formally drew French formally into the war -
Franco-American Alliance of 1778
France recognized American independence by establishing trade ties with the new nation. They would not negotiate peace without consulting the other. France formally abandoned any claim to Canada and North America territory east of the Mississippi river. Two major benefits for the patriots - France would aid Americans openly, sending troops, naval vessels, arms, ammunition, clothing, and blankets & Britain could no longer focus solely on the American mainland for it had to fight France too -
End of Revolution
Cornwallis surrendered in Yorktown, ending the war. More than 25,000 American men had died. In the South, years of guerrilla warfare and loss of thousands of runaway slaves shattered the economy. Indebtedness soared and local governments were crippled for lack of funds, few people could pay their taxes. Once wealthy planters decended into debt. -
Treaty of Paris
Granted the Americans unconditional independence. Generous boundaries delineated the new nation to approximately Canada to the north, northern Florida line to the south, to the Mississippi river to the west. Americans gained unlimited fishing rights off Newfoundland. The treaty's complicated worded clauses about payment of prewar debts and postwar treatment of loyalists caused trouble and proved impossible to enforce -
Education changes in the states
Some northern states began to use tax money to support public elementary schools and schooling for girls was improved -
Judith Sargent Murray's Essays
Argued in many essays saying that women had the same intellectual capacities as men but because they did not have the schooling, they seemed less smart. She concluded that girls and boys should have the same schooling opportunities. Helped the Americans to think about gender roles and the role of women (also made them think because of the role women played in the revolution) -
Annapolis Convention
invitation for all states to discuss trade policy. Only five delegations attended so they issued for another convention to be held in Philadelphia nine months later -
Northwest Ordinances
process which the land in the Northwestern territory could be sold to settlers and formal governments could be organized. Most important 1787 had a bill of rights guaranteeing settlers freedom of religion and the right to a jury trial, forbidding cruel and unusual punishments, and nominally prohibiting slavery -
Shay's Rebellion
Farmers from the western part of Massachusetts violently opposed the high taxes that had been levied by the eastern-dominated legislature to pay off war debts. Courts had begun to foreclose lands of the tax defaulters. Daniel Shays (former officer in the Continental Army) lead about fifteen hundred men in an assault on the federal armory at Springfield attempting to capture the military stores housed there. Militiamen mustered to defend and men withdrew -
Constitutional Convention
fifty five men assembled in Philadelphia to decide on a reform. James Madison Did most of the work on the Constitution -
VA plan
introduced by Edmund Randolph provided for a two-house legislature, the lower house elected directly by the people and the upper house selected by the lower; representation in both houses proportional to property or population; an executive elected by Congress; national judiciary; and congressional veto over state laws -
NJ plan
proposed by William Paterson called for strengthening the Articles rather than completely overhauling the government; retaining a unicameral congress in which each state had an equal vote; give congress new powers of taxation and trade regulations -
Celebration of ramification of the Constitution
Celebrations included parades. Constitution included an ellectoral college, separation of powers, checks and balances (for examples look at pg 186 in textbook), and powers of the different branches. There was debates between Federalists and Antifederalists but the Constitution was ratified and a bill of rights were added -
First Congress
Four tasks - raising revenue to support new government, responding to states' calls for a bill of rights, setting up executive departments, and organizing the federal judiciary. -
Washington became first president
There was an unanimous vote of the electoral college for him to be president. He did not want to be, but he felt it was his duty. He created the cabnet, sent Congress an annual state of the union address, and concluded that he should use his veto powers only if he believed a bill was unconstituional. -
Revenue Act
imposed a 5 percent tax on certain imports to raise money for the new government. Proposed by James Madison who was as influencial in Congress as he was at the Constiutional Convention. -
Judiciary Act of 1789
defined the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary and established a six-member Supreme Court, thirteen district courts, and three circuit courts of appeals. It also allowed appeals from state courts to federal courts when cases raised certain types of constitutional issues -
Second Great Awakening
(Started in 1790s) Raised people's hopes of the second coming of the Christian Messiah. Believed that the United States had a special mission in God's design. Participation increased and Christians across the country tried to right the wrongs of the world. Led to new religious groups, associations dealing with pressing issues, and supporting of missionaries abroad. Women were the biggest part of sustaining -
Hamilton submitted the first Report on Public Credit (assumptions and funding)
Hamilton found that the country's war debts fell into 3 categories; those owed by the government to foreign nations; those owed by the government to the holders of revolutionary bonds, merchants, former soldiers; those owed by the state governments - - - Hamilton proposed that Congress assume state debts but the House rejected. The house adopted Hamilton's plan largely intact -
Proposed a Bank of the U.S.
Hamilton submitted to Congress a second report recommending the chartering of a national bank modeled on the Bank of England. The bank would act as collecting and disbursing agent for the Treasury and its notes would circulate as the nation's currency -
Report on Manufactures
Hamilton's last report - outlined an ambitious plan for encouraging and protecting the United States's infant industries, such as shoemaking and textile manufacturing. Hamilton said that the nation could not be truly independent if the relied on European manufacturing. Urged congress to promote immigration of technicians and laborers and to support industrial development through a limited use of taxes. Congress rejected the report -
Bill of Rights
Madison proposed 19 amendments before the house and the states soon ratified ten and became part of the Constitution in December 1791 - this caused Antifederalists opposition to defuse and raise support for the new government - See pg 195 for list of rights -
Eli Whitney
1793 - invented the cotton gin which separated the cotton from the seeds fifty times faster than by hand and made is possible to expand cotton production as new textile mills in New England were increasing demand -
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
Henry Knox (George Washington's secratrary of war) proposed that the government give livestock to individual Indians in an effort to civilize them. At first, Indians responded cautiously. Women continued to do the farming and men started to raise cattle and hogs, but they treated them like wild animals. Men did start to plow the fields. -
Washington's Proclaimation of Neutrality
After the beginning of the French Revolution and the start of a war, Washington informed the world that the U.S. would maintain a neutral position (told Edmond Genet - a representative of France) - opposition among the people (democratic-republican societies emerged to protest government's fiscal and foreign policy) -
AME churches
African Methodist Episcopal (formed by former slaves in Philadelphia and Baltimore) - later sponsored schools in a number of cities and became cultural centers of the free black community -
Whiskey Rebellion
In response to tax on whiskey - Violence erupted in 1794 when western PA farmers resisted a federal marshal and tax collector trying the encore the law. Three rioters were killed and several militiamen wounded. Washington (on August 7) called the insurgents to disperse and summoned nearly thirteen thousand militia from PA and neighboring states. Troops met no resistance and arrested only 20 suspects which Washington pardoned -
After Senate Ratification of Jays Treaty in 1795
The US and Great Britain appeared to reconcile their differences. Britain withdrew from its western forts adn interfered less in American trade with France. Both countries relied heavily on trading with the other so they worked hard for good relations. -
Ramification of Jay's Treaty
John Jay was sent to Britain to make a treaty with Britain and settle problems that were unresolved. Britain agreed to evacuate western forts, ease restrictions on American trade (some limitations remained), refused to provide compensation to slave holders for their lost slaves. Senate debated in private until the ramification of the treaty in June 1795 -
Treaty of Greenville
After a war with the Miami Confederation of Indians, Americans (who won) made peace negotiations resulting in a portion of land for Americans and the Indians gained recognition of their rights to the soil -
Washington's Farewell Address
Most was written by Hamilton. Outlined two principles that guided American foreign policy until the late 1940s: maintain commercial but not political ties to other nations and to enter no permanent alliances. Called for unilateralism. -
Election
John Adams, and Thomas Pinckney ran for the federalists and Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for the Democratic-Republicans. John Adams became president and Thomas Jefferson became vice president (each elector voted for two men and the top two men became president and vice president) -
Quasi-War with France
XYZ Affair started an undeclared war on France. Fought in the Caribbean waters. US Navy captured 8 of the French privateers and naval vessels, easing the threat of American Caribbean trade. Democratic-Republicans opposed the war and sympathized with France -
XYZ Affair
The Jay Treaty provoked the French government to retaliate by ordering its ships to seize American vessels carrying British goods. IAdams sent three commissioners to paris to negotiate but the French foreign minister demanded $250,000 before negotiations. Democratic-Republicans thought that Adams had sabotaged the negotiations and insisted that the reports be turned over to congress. Congress repealed the treaty of alliance and authorized American ships to seize French vessels. -
Alien and Sedition Act Part 2
Sedition Act outlawed conspiracies to prevent the enforcement of federal laws and tried to control speech that was false, scandalous and malicious against the government or the president with intent to contempt. -
Alien and Sedition Acts Part 1
The Federalist-controlled Congress adopted a set of four laws. Intended to suppress dissent and to prevent further growth of the Democratic-Republican faction. Naturalization Act lengthen the residency period required for citizenship and ordered all resident aliens to register with the Federal government. Alien Acts (two) provided for the detention of enemy aliens in time of war and gave the president authority to deport any alien he deemed dangerous to the nation's security. -
VA and KY Resolutions
pronounced the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and asked the other states to join in a concerted protest against them. Had considerable influence - rallied Democratic-Republican opinion throughout the country, theory of union they proposed inspired southern states' rights advocates. -
At the end of the eighteenth century...
Nation had added three more states - Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. After the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, all the Indian nations in the U.S. territory had made peace with the republic. -
Thomas Jefferson becomes President
Thomas Jefferson called his presidency The Revolution of 1800 because he thought he could restrict the government and make it limited like the Democratic-Republicans wanted it to be. Aaron Burr becomes Vice president -
Newspapers
Newspapers started serving as an offical voice and helped build party systems and contributed to building a national political culture -
Temperance Movement
One of most successful reform efforts - campaign against alcohol. Evangelicals considered drinking sinful, destroyed families, created poverty and crime. In early 1840s, women formed Martha Washington societies to protect families. Led to a sharp decline in alcohol use -
Anti-mansonry Movement
opponents of masonry believed that its secrecy and elite appeal was antidemocratic and anti republican. The political arena quickly absorbed anti masonry and shows the close association of politics and reform in this period. Anti masons inspired broad participation, drew new white voters, changed party organization by pioneering the convention, rather than the caucus -
Convention of 1800
Adams dispatched William Vans Murray to Paris to negotiate and get rid of the treaty of 1778 and get compensation for ships the French had seized. Did not get compensation but got rid of treaty (following Washington's farewell speech). Adams decision to end the war peacefully made divisions in Federalists ranks (Hamilton and many of his followers wanted to widen the quasi-war with France) -
Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars
Between France and Britain and later Britain's allies trapped the United States again. For two years, America benefited from the conflict because the US became the chief supplier of grain to Europe.After December 1805, France and Britain launched a commercial war and blocked each others trade which hurt the U.S. -
Period: to
Period 4
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Gabriel's Rebellion
Gabriel, an enslaved blacksmith who argued that African Americans should fight for their freedom, carefully planned a large-scale revolt. Visited black church services and recruited other skilled African Americans. Planned to attack Richmond on August 30, 1800, set fire to city, seize the state capitol, and capture governor (James Monroe). Heavy rain forced postponement. Several planters found out and spread the news. Gabriel and 25 other conspirators were hung -
Tripoli War
1801 - The bashaw of Tripoli was angry at the US for not paying tribute for safe passage of its ships and passengers through the Mediterranean so they declared war on the US. War ended with the treaty of Tripoli in 1805. US still payed tribute until 1815. Questioned whether the US was a sovereign nation -
Sancho Conspiracy
A waterman and peripheral participent in Gabriel's Rebellion. Spread word by slaves who worked on boats that plied to two states' interconnected waterways. The incomplete plans were revealed and 25 more Africans were hung. Caused Southern states to increase the severity of the laws regarding slavery and slavery became entrenched as an economic institution and way of life -
Naturalization Act
Repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798 and replaced it with an act that required only 5 years residency before citizenship, loyalty to the constitution, and the forsaking of foreign alliance and titles. -
Marbury v Madison
William Marbury had been named a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. James Madison (new secretary of state) declined to certify Marbury's appointment so the president could appoint a Democratic-Republican. Marbury sued and requested a writ of mandamus. Marshall ruled that it was unconstitutional for the court to issue a writ of mandamus. Court case t established the power to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress (judicial review) -
Impressment
Forcibly detaining British deserters, British-born naturalized American seamen, and people suspected of being British. Americans saw it as a direct assault on their new republic. Lasted until 1812. Britain violated American's other rights as well causing the Non-Importation Act - barring British manufactured goods from entering American ports, exempting both or metal articles, it had little impact on Britain's trade but it warned Britain what to expect if they continued to violate American right -
Louisianna Purchase
Jefferson purchased in 1803 believing the U.S. was destined to expand and his presidency made western expansion a goal. France acquired the territory after Spain and Spain violated Pinckney's Treaty and closed the port of New Orleans for the Americans to send products down. To relieve the pressure of war, James Monroe was sent to France in order to buy the port of New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi River as possible. Monroe signed and got the LA Purchase for 15 million -
1804 Election
Thomas Jefferson (president) and George Clinton (vice president) -
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson sent them to cross the continent -
Aaron Burr
Alexander Hamilton accused Aaron Burr of being a leir and Burr challenged him to a deul. Aaron Burr killed Hamilton and was charged with murder and ruined his political career. -
The Chesapeake Affair
The U.S.S. Chesapeake left to protect American ships in the Medirerranean. While they were still in American waters, the British Leopard demanded to search for deserters. Chesapeake refused and the Leopard fired killing and injuring American sailors. British seized 4 deserters, 3 of whom were American citizens. Chesapeake then returned to port. Caused anger in Americans -
Jefferson's Response
Jefferson closed American waters to British warships and increased military and naval expenditures -
Embargo Act
Jefferson intended to avoid war. Forbade all exports from the U.S. to any country. Smuggled increased and it was very unpopular. There was also talks of secession through New England port cities -
Election of 1808
Madison (Democratic-Republican) won presidency with George Clinton as vice president -
Election
James Madison becomes president. Democratic-Republican -
Non-Intercourse Act
Replaced Embargo Act. reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France and it authorized the president to resume trade with Britain or France if either of them ceased to violate neutral rights. -
Macon's Bill #2
Replacement for the expired Non-Intercourse Act. reopened trade with Great Britain and France but provided that when either nation stopped violating American commercial rights the president could suspend American commerce with the other. -
Panic of 1819
postwar boom collapsed. Manufacturing fell in 1818 and prices down spiraled. Second Bank of America cut back on loans and urban workers and farmers had less money to spend so the economy declined. Devastated workers and their families. Caused by production surpassing demand -
U.S. Armed forces fought Indians at Tippecanoe
Shawnee Brothers
Prophet-urged Indians to return to old ways and get rid of European customs, food, and dress. Built a religious movement for many displaced Indian groups. His power came from his eloquence, conviction, and performance of miracles.
Tecumesh-talked about resisting American aggression. Sought to unify northern and southern Indians and traveled teaching about resistance.
Indians could not stand up against U.S. armed forces. After the defeat, the supporters scattered -
Election
James Madison takes another term. Democratic-Republican -
War of 1812
war seemed unavoidable due to impressment, interference with neutral trading rights, British alliances with western Indians, and failure of economic pressure to protect Americans. Sometimes called Madison's War. Militia could not assemble into an effective force and few people enlisted within a year. Resulted in affirmed independence of the U.S. and Canada, lead to better transportation routes, fears about growing African population, and economic growth and sealed the fate of the Federalists -
Hartford Convention
Delegates from New England met in Connecticut to discuss revising the national compact or pulling out of the republic. Endorsed radical changes the the Constitution such as restricting the presidency to one term and requiring 2/3 congressional vote to admit new states to the union. -
Treaty of Ghent
provided for an end to hostilities with the British and with Native Americans, release of prisoners, restoration of conquered territory, and arbitration of boundary disputes. -
Madison's Nationalist Program
(As a result of War of 1812) Addressed in his December 1815 message to Congress - recommended economic development and military expansion. Agenda included a second national bank, tariff for raise in government revenues, and improved transportation -
Election
James Monroe - Became the fifth president in election of 1816. Democratic-Republican. Last president that was a founding father of the United States. Ordinary and rarely had an original idea -
2nd National Bank
1816 - chartered to assist the government and to issue currency -
Tariff of 1816
passed to aid industries that had flourished during the War of 1812 but were now threatened by the resumption of overseas trade. Levied taxes on imported woolens, cottons, iron, leather, hats, paper, and sugar. New England and the western and Middle Atlantic states supported it but the south did not -
John Quincy Adams
James Monroe's secretary of state. Between 1817 and 1825, he brilliantly managed the nation's foreign policy, pushing for expansion, fishing rights for Americans in Atlantic waters, political distance from the Old World and peace. Believed that expansion must come through negotiations, not war, and that newly acquired territories must bar slavery -
Corporations
organizations entitled to hold property and transact business as if they were individuals. By 1817 the number of corporations in the United States had grown to two thousand -
Rush-Bagot Treaty
Great Britain and the United States agreed in the Rush-Bagot Treaty to limit their naval forces to one ship each on Lake Champlain and Lake Ontario and two ships each on the four other Great Lakes. Led to the demilitarization of the border between the United States and Canada -
Convention of 1818
John Quincy Adams pushed for this. Fixed the United States-Canadian border. Britain and the United States settled on joint occupation of Oregon for ten years -
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819 - Supreme Court struck down a Maryland law taxing banks within the state that were not chartered by the Maryland legislature - a law aimed at the Baltimore branch of the federally chartered Second Bank of the United States. The issue was state verses federal jurisdiction. John Marshall asserted the supremacy of the federal government over the states. -
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Resulted in limitations on the power of the states -
Adams - Onís or Transcontinental Treaty
Spanish minister to the United States agreed to cede Florida to the United States without payment while the United States agreed to renounce its claims to northern Mexico (Texas) and to assume $5 million of claims by American citizens against Spain. Adams-Onís or Transcontinental Treaty defined the Southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase and set the southern border -
Civilizing Act of 1819
Congress apportioned $10,000 annually. Protestant missionaries established mission schools. Land-hungry whites thought it was too slow a process and Indians land rights gave way to the advance of white civilization -
Missouri Compromise
1820 - evolved after debate when Missouri wanted admission into the union as a slave state. Would give slavery a two-vote edge in Senate. Compromise included Maine, carved out of Massachusetts, to equal out Missouri and said that in the rest of the Louisiana territory north of Missouri's southern border would prohibit slavery -
Shakers
(Reached peak between 1820 and 1860) Tried to resist changes due to the market economy. Emphasized agriculture and handcrafts. Spiritual community. Lived communally, abolishing individual families. Leadership was in the hands of women -
New States Added to Union
24 states (Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri) -
Recognizing New States
The United States became the first nation outside Latin America to recognize new states, including Mexico -
Denmark Vessey
(1822) Bought his own freedom and became a religious leader in the black community. Accused of conspiring a slave resistance and a trial caused him and other to by killed in a case based on rumors -
Catherine & Mary Beecher
(1823) Established the Hartford Female Seminary and offered history and science in addition to the traditional women's curriculum of domestic arts and religion. Catherine successfully campaigned for teacher training schools for women. By 1850, schoolteaching was a women's profession. -
Monroe Doctrine
JQ Adams greatest achievement: (presented by President Monroe to Congress in December 1823) called for non colonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations and demanded nonintervention by Europe in the affairs of independent New World colonies and he pledged noninterference by the U.S. in European affairs. Popular at home but Europeans ignored -
Gibbons vs. Ogden
1824 - Supreme Court overturned the New York State law that gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a monopoly on the steamboat tradeAaron Ogden lost the monopoly. John Marshall ruled that the federal power to license new enterprises took precedence over State's grant of monopoly rights -
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams and and Andrew Jackson faced off with two other candidates. By this election, 18 out of 24 states chose electors at the polls. No candidate won majority in electoral college. House of Representatives voted and John Adams became president. After taking office, proposed a strong nationalist policy - a program of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements. Believed federal government should take an active role in the economy, education, science, and the arts. -
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Ogden had an exclusive license from New York to operate steamboat ferries. Gibbons went along the same route. Ogden sought an injuction against Gibbons.. Supreme Court (John Marshell) decided that Congress can regulate commerce so the New York license was unconstitutional and overturned because of the interpretation of the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. This shows that Congress had authority over states to regulate any aspect of commerce across state borders. -
Erie Canal
completed in 1825, linked the great lakes with New York city and the Atlantic ocean and carried easterners and then immigrants to settle the Old Northwest and the frontier beyond, transported western grain to the large and growing eastern markets. Very successful -
Conventions
Anti masons held conventions in 1827 to select candidates to oppose Masons running for office. Pioneered the convention, rather than the caucus -
Tariff of Abominations
Southerners called the 1828 tariff which protected manufactures by imposing import taxes on manufactured cloth and iron which, by protecting northern factories, the tariff raised the cost of these items for the south -
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson and John Adams. Mudslinging was huge saying that Adams had prostitutes and Jackson's wife was an adulteress. Jackson won -
Railroads
Railroad era began in 1830. Earliest railroads connected cities. Early lines had to overcome technical problems. There was no common standard for the width of track so passengers and freight had to switch trains traveling nationally (no national system) -
Webster-Hayne Debate
1830 - Webster of Massachusetts and Hayne of South Carolina debated about states' rights. -
Riots
Riots became commonplace in urban areas as economic, political, social, racial, and ethnic conflict erupted -
Angelina and Sarah Gimke
attacked for speaking to mixed audiences of men and women abolitionists. The reaction turned the Gimkes attention from the condition of slavers to the condition of women. Sarah's letters on the equality of the sexes and the condition of women and Angelina's letters to Catharine E. Beecher both published in 1838 initiated a new reform movement to secure legal and social equality of women -
Mormons
(Founded in 1830) Community to build a "New Jerusalem" and await the second coming of Jesus. Met antagonism everywhere they went. Tight-knit society and cooperative economic system. -
anti-Catholic sentiment
(1830) Anti Catholic riots were commonplace. Native-born population were motivated in part by economic competition. Irish Catholics were also blamed for nearly every social problem. -
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
1831 - Cherokee's turned to the federal courts to defend their treaty with the United States and to prevent Georgia from seizing more land. John Marshall ruled that under the federal Constitution an Indian tribe was neither a foreign nation nor a state and therefore had no standing in federal courts. Marshall also said that the Indians had an unquestionable right to their lands and they could only loose their land by voluntarily giving it up. -
Nat Turner
Became a preacher. Led a band of rebels from farm to farm in predawn darkness of August 22, 1831. They slaughtered 60 whites in 48 hours before planters stopped them. Many slaves, including innocent ones, lost their lives as a result. Many states passed stricter legal codes and black education and religious practices -
Tariff of 1832
reduced some duties but retaining high taxes on imported iron, cottons, and woolens. South Carolina refused to go along with it -
Election of 1832
First use of party platforms. Andrew Jackson easily won. -
VA debate on slavery
(1832) Shocked by Nat Turner Rebellion. Full scale debate over gradual emancipation. Gradual emancipation lost and slavery was ingrained. -
South Carolina Convention
South Carolina convention nullified both the 1828 and 1832 tariffs, declaring it unlawful for federal officials to collect duties in the state -
Jackson's Response to South Carolina
Jackson issued a proclamation opposing nullification and moved troops to federal forts in South Carolina and prepared U.S. marshals to collect the required tariffs. Congress passed the Force Act, authorizing the president to call up troops but also offering a way to avoid force by collecting duties before foreign ships reached Charleston's harbor -
Tariff of 1833
compromise written by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that lengthened the list of duty-free items and reduced duties over nine years. South Carolina, in response, repealed its nullification law and nullified Jackson's Force Act. -
Second Party System
political competition from 1834 - 1840s where the Whigs and the Democrats fought on equal footing - more intense and organized that the first party system -
Gag Rule
1836 - the House of Representatives adopted what abolitionists labeled the "gag rule" which automatically tabled abolitionist petitions, effectively preventing debate on them. Immediatists sent in nearly seven thousand petitions in response. It was repealed in 1844 -
Deposit Act of 1836
authorized the secretary of the treasury to designate one bank in each state and territory to provide the services formerly performed by the Bank of the United States -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren (democratic) won. Buren cut federal spending, opposed a national bank, and proposed a new regional treasury system for government deposits. All caused price deflation -
Specie Circular
Jackson, being opposed to paper currency, ordered Treasury Secretary to issue this. provided that after August 1836 only specie - gold or silver - or Virginia scrip (paper money) would be accepted as payment for land. Significantly reduced purchases of public land and the federal budget surplus -
Elijah Lovejoy murdered
(1837) Mob in Alton, Illinois murdered abolitionist editor Elijah P. Lovejoy. Led to increased antislavery support in the North -
American credit system collapse
started the American credit system collapse. After a brief recovery time, hard times persisted from 1839 - 1843 -
Horce Mann
secretary of state board of education from 1837 to 1848 in Massachusetts. Established a minimum school year of six months and formalized the training of teachers. Advocated free, state sponsored education. Changed curriculum to become more secular and appropriate for the future. -
Black Abolitionists
(1840s) escaped slaves, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, joined forces with white reformers in the American Anti-Slavery Society -
John Tyler
running mate of William Henry Harrison. First vice president to become president after president death (Harrison died of pneumonia) Turned out to be more democratic and often opposed his party's congressional agenda. Repealed the independent treasury system and passage of a higher tariff. Became president without a party -
Election of 1840
Whigs candidate was military hero General William Henry Harrison. Democratics nominated Van Buren again. Harrison won -
Organ Fever
struck thousands in 1841. Migrants in wagon trains took to the Oregon Trail. -
Transcentalism
(Founded in 1841) the belief that the physical world is secondary to the spiritual realm, which human beings can reach not by custom and experience but only by intuition. Believed by Brook Farm cooperative in Massachusetts -
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Great Britain and Maine compromised conflicting land claims -
Dorothea Dix Petitiones Massachusetts Court
(1843 - petitioned Massachusetts court) She investigated the treatment of the insane and found that they were in cages, chained to walls, in dark dungeons, and brutally treated. She petitioned to the General Court of Massachusetts. During civil war, she recruited and supervised nurses for the federal government. Helped to create a new public role of women -
Election of 1844
James K. Polk (democratic) won. Believed highly in expansion and manifest destiny. -
Texas - Annexation
Texas rebelled against Mexico in 1836, won independence, and requested annexation to the U.S. ignored until Tyler who pushed for annexation but Senate rejected in 1844. Annexed in 1845 -
Oregon Treaty
Polk pressured the British to a boundary at the 49th parallel. Gave the United States all of present day Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and parts of Wyoming and Montana. -
Mexican War
Polk was more aggressive with Mexico. Order troops down to defend border of U.S. Mexico ambushed a U.S. calvary unit which led to Congress declaring war on Mexico on May 13, 1846. Citizens voiced support and volunteers swarmed recruiting stations. U.S. made significant gains in the early part of war. Ended when Americans captured Mexico City -
Wilmot Proviso
A Pennsylvania Democrat (David Wilmot), proposed an amendment, or proviso, in August 1846 to a military appropriations bill that said that no slavery should exist in the land gained from Mexico. In the South it was criticized and in the North it was a rallying cry for abolitionists. -
New States Added to the Union
29 states (Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin -
Free-Soil Party
Northerners concern over slavery led to the formation of this group in 1848. Party platform based on opposition to slavery expansion -
Gold was Discovered in California
Many people in California figured gold was there, but it was James W. Marshall on January 24, 1848, who saw something shiny in Sutter Creek near Coloma, California. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848. Gave U.S. California, New Mexico and recognition of Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. In return American government agreed to settle the claims of its citizens against Mexico and pay Mexica $15 million. -
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
(July 1848) modeled after the Declaration of Independence, broadcast the injustices suffered by women and launched the women's rights movement. Cady Stanton - one of the women who organized the woman's rights convention of seneca falls, New York. Traveled widely and agitated for women's equality while raising five children
