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invention of the cannon mounted on ships helped with territoty expansion.
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relief of orleans and joan of arc
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Bartholomew Diaz under prince henry the naviagtor of portugal pushes south from north africa.
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the portuguese gained contol of Indian trade by overpowering muslim forts in India.
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Magellon sails to the western isles and claims them for spain and proves the earth is rounder and larger than columbus thought
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Cortez also claiims mexico city as the capital of new spain.
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Caused by the opening of new mines through spanish expansion.
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Pizarro conquers the incas of peru and opens the potosi mines shortly after.
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throne at age 13
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Spanish victory was the cause of many european wars
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Sent to crush disturbances in the low countries under habsburg rule
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reestablished in prussia, russia, poland.
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A joint-stock company founded by regents of holland.
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1618-1625
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czech nobles defeated by habsburgs.
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Discoveries in geometry, algebra, and deductive method.
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brought scientists and practical men together
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catholic church discouraged science, protestant church pro-science.
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forced to recant his views.
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Age of french classicism art and literature.
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Louis XIV gains flemish and Franche-Comte property.
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1682-1689
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The catholic Louis XIII revolked the edict of nantes that gave protestant huguenots religious freedom.
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Stressed progress and uncertainty about religious truth.
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end of the french expansionist policy
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edward jenner
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france, scotland, england.
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a race between the euopean states to conquer countries in africa to expand their territories and colonies.
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helped tret malaria
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- through the use of millitary intimidation
- japan wanted to be independent from trade of the united states and europe
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Belief that the white race was superior to the people of asia and africa influincing the idea of new imperialism.
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- start of world war I Murdered by a group of radical bosninan serbs
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resulted in war
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-A response to Austro-hungary's decleration of war on Serbia
- Russia had a pact to be allied with serbia in case of war -
- because they saw moblization/ pact with serbia as a threat
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- because of French moblization the same day as the russians moblized & entangling alliances
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- Millitary strategy in which the germans would attack france and neutral belgium quickly and then advanced to Russia before they got a chance to help the french due to the fact that they were geographically surrounded by their enemies. (Attack on belgium caused britain to join the side of the french and russians)
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- French and German armies on the coast of flanders attempting to outflank the other army but proved to be long and ineffective, example of the practice of trench warfare
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- Example of the naval warfare practiced by germany, they declared the water around britain a war-zone and sank any ship that tried to enter british ports, the lusitania was a british ship carrying american passangers which made the americans upset and caused them to eventually join the war on the side of russia, britain, france
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- Collapse of capital city Petrograd due to major food shortages where the soliders joined the strikers
- Provisional government took over authority
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on the side of the allies (france, russia, britain)
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removing them from the war, german confiscation of land was huge but didnt last due to their defeat in the war
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- Bolsheviks take over key positions and gain control through a small revolution causing the collapse of the short-lived provisional government
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- Wilhelm (germany) signed an armistice ending the war due to fear that germany would follow the example of russia and revolt
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- Made germany responsible fore the outbreak of war
- Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France
- Germany forced to pay huge repeartions for war
- Germany had to limit their army
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- League of nations: international body that would work to settle disputes between nations to create peace
- fourteen points: A document that sought to reduce future tensions between nations by maintaining free trade and ending secret negotiations, emphasized peace between nations to prevent future wars
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- Voluntary paramillitary groups who served to put down radical rebellions that threatened the exsistence of the republic
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- Economic plan that placed control of industry in government hands but also allowed for a scope of private enterprise
- economy made a quick recovery
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- an attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. The Dawes Plan provided short term economic benefits to the German economy. It softened the burdens of war reparations, stabilized the currency, and brought increased foreign investments and loans to the German market.
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- Germany accepted the current borders of france and germany (alsace lorraine)
- French troops withdrew from the rhinelnad
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an international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. It was named after the American secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact.
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- An economic plan introduced with unrealistic expectations for industrial expansion
- Forced collectivation of agriculture of the kulaks
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- between Musssolini and Catholic church
- Made peace with the catholic church and papacy officailly recognized the italian state
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- Economic plan in which United States loaned money to germany to help them pay off reperations
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- specifically in Germany, Italy
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- Reichtag member set the reichstag buidlding on fire which provided hitler with the oppotunity to blame communists and accuse them of being a threat to the government
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- Gave nazi party emergency powers to govern the state and made hitler furher after the reichtag fire
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- Hitler has his old ally and leader of the SA Ernst Rohm murdered because Hitler wanted to make the SA the backbone of a new revolutionary army
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- British give in to german demands due to fear that if combined with the powers of italy, germany would defeat britain
- Allowed german occupation of rhineland, creation of the Rome-Berlin Axis, holding of the olympic games in Berlin
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- German troops move into Vienna, other countries dont do anything about it
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- Sudentenland was turned over to germany but they invaded czechoslovakia anyways
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- (britain, france, italy, germany) agreed to the transfer of the sudentenland (which had majority german nationality) if germany agreed to respect the remaining czechoslovakia
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- germans and russians agreed not to attack each other after stalin dosent make any progress in negotiations with british and france
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- immediate cause was the german invasion of poland
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- WWII begins, caused by Germanys invasion of poland
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-Swift attacks using tanks and other highly moblie units, supported by warplanes
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- France made a deal with germany after their defeat by the german troops in which german troops would occupy more than half of france
- New government created under Marshal Petain who blamed the third republic for the humiliating defeat of FRance who was later convicted as a traitor
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After quickly defeating most of Western Europe, the Nazis launched an aerial attack against Great Britain in 1940. Believing that the bombing raids would force England's surrender, the raids, targeting both military and civilian targets, lasted until 1941. The British Army withstood the brutal Luftwaffe assault, and Hitler shelved his plan for the invasion of Britain.Turning point of the war for the allies.
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- second turning point of the war, sparked a new energy of war in the west In response to the Japanese attack on pearl harbor and hitlers decleration of war on the united states brought into the conflict of the axis powers (germany, italy, Japan)
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- German attack on the Soviet Union ( hitler had dreamed of defeating the soviet union)
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1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
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"the allies"
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- Allies invade western europe from great britain, Russian lifting of the seige of Leningrad
- Marked the beginning of the end for nazis
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document between Churchill and Stalin that divided the various nations of Eastern Europe into spheres of influence based on percentages of influence. it was refused entirely by the US
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conference at which the Declaration of Liberated Europe was passed saying that governments were to be formed that were broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population and that free elections were to be held at the earliest possible time
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- The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin in July 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.
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May 8, 1945; The name of the day which ended World War II
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-Japanese government surrendered on August 14, 1945
--peace was signed aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945
--Allies declared victory over Japan -
the organization created to replace the League Of Nations, based in New York to ensure the US' participation in the organization
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- Trials for the crimes against humanity committed by the nazis
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America's economic aid package for Europe. it resulted in Stalin taking a harsher stance against America, thinking that this was a method through which the States sought to gain support in East European nations.
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American policy that dominated the Cold War. "it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
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plan that was begun by the Labour Party in 1945 which was a cradle-to-grave social welfare program, providing for a comprehensive system of free health care.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Importance- Gave each country the piece of mind they needed agianst the Communists -
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treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
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the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
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refers to the Czechoslovakian reform movement that occurred in 68. led by Alexander Dubcek
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thirteen catholic peace makers shot
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the first woman prime minister of great britain
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