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An international diplomatic conference held to discuss the restoration of European continental order in response to the failed plans of Napoleonic expansion and the rise of nationalism in various states. -
A set of restrictions created for the German States which sought to suppress German nationalist movements. -
A diplomatic conference held by the powers of the Holy Alliance which sought to take response to revolutionary fervor.
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The Greeks revolt against Ottoman rule and are assisted by the British, French and Russians in a successful overthrow of the Turks. -
An early revolt against the Russian monarchy following the death of Alexander I. -
A second revolution by the French which created a constitutional monarchy. -
A bill passed by Parliament which sought to increase representation in Parliament.
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto, becoming one of the most influential political and economic texts in history. It led to the creation of the Communist ideology and Marxism.
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A revolution in France that abolished the July Monarchy and established the French Second Republic under Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Italians fought against Austrian imperial rule in a ploy to start Italian unification. -
A convention held in Prague with various slav populations discussing the role of Austrian rule in slavic unity.
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A German parliament established to encourage a formal unification of Germany. -
War regarding the rights of Christians in Palestine, with Russia fighting against Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Sardinia and France. Ended in 1856
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Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia is proclaimed King of Italy as part of the Italian Reunification process
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Prussia and Austria go to war with Prussia emerging victorious and dominating the German states -
Italy annexes Rome as the final event of Italian unification, ending the reign of the Papal States.
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Germany becomes unified into a singular state.
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Italy becomes unified into one state after the capture of Rome.
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French officer Dreyfus is stripped of his army title and is sentenced to life imprisonment on the charge of treason -
Russia and Serbia accept Austrian control of Bosnia and Herzegovina despite diplomatic talks
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated, starting WWI in Europe, the first large scale conflict with Europe and world powers. The war is catastrophic and violent, ending in 1918 with the November armistice -
Treaty signed by Allied powers and Germany which ended the war between them. Germany, under the treaty, was to accept responsibility for the war. -
The Kellogg Briand Pact is signed in Paris, a treaty designed to prevent another outbreak of a Great War.
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The stock market crashed on the New York Stock Exchange, resulting in a global economic depression. -
Germany elects Adolf Hitler as Chancellor, bringing him and the Nazi Party to power.
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Hitler and his forces reoccupy the Rhineland, denouncing the Locarno Pact which solidifies European borders.
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After Hitler invades Poland, Britain declares war on Germany, starting WWII, a highly violent world war that includes the genocide of millions of European Jews in the Holocaust. The war ends in 1945 with the surrender of the Axis powers and the suicide of Hitler. -
NATO is founded as an alliance between numerous Western countries that is to safeguard freedom and prevent another war or attack from a country.
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The Warsaw Pact is created as an alliance between the Soviet Union and various Eastern European countries.
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Hungarians revolt against the Soviet government but was crushed by invading Soviet forces. -
The US and the Soviet Union go into a major conflict that almost escalated to war over Soviet arms in Cuba. -
A reform movement of liberalization spreads across Czechoslovakia resulting in mass protest against the Soviets. The Soviets invade the country to crush the movement and implement a puppet government. -
Germany is reunified after the Berlin Wall falls, putting an end to communism in multiple countries that undergo successful revolutions and independence campaigns. -
The Good Friday Agreement is signed between Britain and Ireland which ends the Troubles.