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Chronologically Mapped: Six Major Contributions to the world of Science,
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Mendel's Pea Plant Hybrid Experimentation
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Mendel
Publishes his works on Genetics, adresses what we now know as genes to be "secret factors." Mendel used pea plants due to their quick nature in development and relative simplicity,checking for different phenotypical traits. -
Insulin
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Plasmid Based Transformation
Biologist and bacteriologist Frederick Griffith determined that some strains of non-virulent streptococcal bacteria could be made into copies of the virulent strain following exposure to heat-killed strands of the viruloent straqin, thus leading to a hypothesis that proteins within the dead strands had led to a "Transformation" within the non-virulent strain. -
Gel Electrophoresis
First records of Gel Electrphoresis in the 1930's have sucrose as the first method of gel matrix. The purpose behind the creation of the matrix is to isolate chromosomes of DNA base don length and charge by using the matrix and an electirc field that creates two poles of energy, one positive the other negative. -
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, Maclyn McCarty
Published their works concerning the nature of DNA as the genetic protein in the February 1944 issue of the Journal of Eperimental Medicine. -
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Hershey-Chase Experiments
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactively labeled bacteriophage DNA and proteins to further prove that DNA is the hereditary protein. -
Rosalind Franklin
Franklinwas best known for her diffraction images of DNA's double helical structure, but laos worked on discerning the structure of coals, viruses, and graphite. Evidence suggests that she not only determined the shape of the structure, but also the location of the B-groups, phosphates, and external backbones. -
Maurice Wilkins
Wilkins developes and sends sample exposure images of DNA to Watson and Crick, which in turn helped determine the structure of DNA. Held the belief that DNA was helical despite Rosalind's belief to the contrary. -
Watson Crick, and Franklin
The trio worked to uncover the structure of DNA, eventually earning a Nobel Prize for Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins, after Rosalind had died. -
Animal Cloning
The cloning of a tadpole by John Gurdon, followed by the cloning of a carp in 1963 by Tong Dizhou, and the first mammalian clone, the sheep Dolly, in 1996. -
Genetic Engineering
First direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another, by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, namely beginning their studies with genetic properties of E.Coli. Following this achievement, other experiemnts involving small organisms and plants began, geneticists codign for specific traits or properties to determine the viability of a trait. -
Stem Cell
Embryonic Stem Cells frist observed in Cambridge University's medical and bioengineering wing by Martin Evans. Sixteen years later, Dolly the sheep was clonedfrom embryonic stem cells, and use in regenerating human appendeges has been under constant research since the year 1985. -
Genetically Modified Organism
First occurence of a scientifically engineered crop produced was a tobacco plant developed to be resistent to anti-biotics, and thus more hardy against herbicides and pesticides. Test trials of these engineered subjects took place in France and America in the year 1986. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Implemented by Kary Mullis, the purpose of the PCR is to create thousands of duplicates of a specific or several specific segments of DNA, which can then be used for several other purposes such as paternity testing and genetic identification and sequencing. Mullis received the Nobel Prize later that same year. -
Transgenic Animals
First reports of Transgenic testing on mice used for further research into the effect of genetics on cancerous cells and hereditary traits. The mice themselves were cloned by using cultured cells in order to test the effects of cancerous oncogenes. -
Launch of the Human Genome Project
The official initiation of a consistent study of human genetics, how they work, how they may have come to be, and what may become of them. The major drive of the project was to map every aspect the human genetic information and discover their corresponding effects.
