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Carolus Linneaus
Discovered bionomial nomenclature. Made system of naming living organisms. -
Hutton
He was a naturalist who came up with the idea of uniformitarianism. -
Lamarck
Remembered for his theory on soft inheritance. This is that organisms will be able to pass on inhertied traits to their kids and etc. -
Cuvier
Cuvier discovered paleontology and he contributed to biology through the idea of extinction. -
Lyell
Wrote the principles of Geology. The work he did supported and argued against uniformitarianism. -
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was a scientist who gained fame through being a modern founder of genetics. Mendel experimented with pea plants between 1856-1863 to establish rules on heredity. He worked with pea plants characteristics, and invented the terms of recessive and dominant in regards to the character traits. Mendel also came up with the law of segregation. -
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low. -
Darwin
Came up with the idea of Natural Selection. Darwin observed living organisms and fossils in the Galapagos islands. He learned that they were similar to one another and that they came from similar ancestors. -
Avery-Macleod-McCarthy
Were able to identify DNA as Griffiths transforming principle. They took extract (from heated smooth bacteria) and treated it with DNAase and mixed bacteria and injected the rats with it and the rats lived. Also it treated extract with protease (digest proteins) and then mixed bacteria and injected it into the rats and they died. This showed how DNA, not the protein has the ability to transform cells. -
Maurice Wilkins
Wilkins studied biological molecules (DNA) using different Spectrophotometers. His x-ray images were used by Watson & Crick to deduce the DNA double helix. -
Hershey & Chase
They proved tha DNA was hereditary material of cells. They worked with a phage compromised of a protein coat and a DNA core, wanting to find out which part of the phage produced new phages. -
Watson & Crick
Watson and Crick built the first accurate model of DNA. They discovered the "double helix". With the discovery brought questions and three possibilities for DNA Replication, which are: conservative, semiconservative, adn random. -conservative replication keeps the original strands intact and produces an entirely new double stranded molecule
- semiconservative replication unwinds the original DNA into two single strands, each of which is used as a template to produce a complementary strand -
gel electrophoresis
Is the seperation of nucliec acids or proteins, on the basis of their size of an electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in gel. It is used to seperate DNA fragments by their size in electrical charge. The smaller the charge the further they can go. -
restriction enzyme analysis ( of DNA)
Restriction Enzyme Analysis is a group of enzymes that catalyzes the cleavage of DNA at specific sites to produce discrete fragments, used especially in genetic engineering. Also called restriction endonuclease. This technique was not intentional, but was discovered in 1950, and wasn't used to modify the organisms until 1970. -
plasmid based transformation
Is the bacterial transformation for DNA transfer that depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be designed to carry out this process. Annie and Leslie showed how a CaCl solution is effective in order to create a plasmid DNA transformation. -
transgenic animals
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. This foreign gene was mainly used in mice to find cures for diseases and then they moved on to larger animals closer linked to humans. -
Stem Cells
Stem Cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. They are made from 2 common sources , embryos and adult tissue. -
polymerase chain reaction
This is a technique for amplyfying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules and nucleotides. -
Cloning
Cloning is the replicate (a fragment of DNA placed in an organism) so that there is enough to analyze or use in protein production. An example of this would be with Dolly the sheep who was a female domestic sheep, and the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer -
GMOs
GMOs are genetically modefied organisms. They are an organism that acquire one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. These genetically modefied organisms are modified to better the people. An example is artifcicial plants, that are -
human genome project
An international colaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. The goal was to determine the sequence of the chemical base pairs that make up the human genome from a physical and functional standpoint. -
genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. This has allowed scientist to manipulate the way of life through adding genes to another orhanism.
