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Eratosthenes works to calculate what the circumference of the Earth is.
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Claudius Ptolemy created the theory that the Universe revolved around the Earth. This shaped how people viewed the Universe for well over 1,000 years, though was proven incorrect. However, the principles of objects revolving around other objects is still important today.
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Nicolaus Copernicus disproved the theory that Earth was the center of the Universe, proving that the Sun was at the center of the Solar System and that Earth revolved around the Sun annually, causing seasons.
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In 1572, while observing the Supernova of 1572, Brahe discovered that what he was seeing was far away, not in Earth's atmosphere like many had previously thought.
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Johannes Kepler finds that planets move in elliptical patterns around the sun, showing that all planets move around the Sun, helping us better understand how seasons happen.
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Sir Isaac Newton devises Calculus. Calculus has helped an astronomical amount (no pun intended) in the development of sciences of the Earth and Space.
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Albert Einstein is a great part of what would become the Manhattan Project, the creation of the first Nuclear weapons, used to help end World War II.