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Eratosthenes created longitude and latitude and made a map of world known today.
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Claudius Ptolemy compiled a star catalog
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Nicolaus proposed the heliocentric system. This has given astronomers now the idea that the planets are orbiting the sun.
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Brahe made very accurate discoveries about the stars and the planets. This was important because it helps modern day scientist understand more about our universe.
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Kepler discovered that the planets move in an elliptical orbit with the sun as the main focus.
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Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity. This is obviously important because the whole universe depends on gravity.
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Einstein came up with E=mc^2. This states that energy and mass are the same thing but in two different forms.