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Eratosthenes used the Sun to measure the Earth when everyone thought the Earth was flat, he was only 211 miles away from the true measurement.
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Claudius Ptolemy represented the epitome of knowledge of Grecian astronomy.
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Nicolaus Copernicus made a model of the Solar System in which the Earth revolved around the Sun, this changed the way many scientists viewed the solar system.
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Tycho Brahe labored to proof that Earth was the center of the universe and his data was eventually used by Kepler
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With Johannes Keplers' laws of Planetary motion he was able to predict the future positions of planets with much greater accuracy.
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Sir Isaac Newton published "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" which is perhaps the greatest scientific work in history.
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Albert Einstein proposed a new way of looking at the universe that went beyond current understanding