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Sailed the ocean blue in 1492. Credited for "discovering America"
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Claimed new colonies for Spain. Conquered the Aztec Empire
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Claimed new colonies for Spain. Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru
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Assisted Pizarro with the conquest of the Inca. First to discover and cross the Mississippi River
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Viceroys - governors who ruled in the name of the Crown – initially Cortez
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Sir Walter Raleigh John White Virginia Dare
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1st successful English settlement
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Samuel de Champlain
*Dutch West India Company -
Peter Minuit
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was brought up in heresy charges
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Pequot were virtually wiped out by the English
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- involved the Wampanoag Indians in the Plymouth Colony they began to attack white settlement
- Indians were defeated and marked the end to Indian resistance in New England
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A clash between British troops and townspeople in Boston in 1770.
The British fired into a crowd that was threatening them, killing five civilians and wounding 6 others. -
First Battle
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British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston.
They also planned to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the key leaders of the patriot movement. -
Thomas Jefferson
Listed all of the colonists grievances against the Crown; explained why they were declaring independence. -
Result of the end of the American resolution
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Congress sold tracts of land to raise money
Divided land into 36-square-mile units with Unit 16 set aside for schools
Divided the Ohio Territory -
Created guidelines for admission as states in the US
At 5,000 settlers, territory could send a non-voting representative to Congress
At 60,000 settlers, territory could apply for statehood
Outlawed slavery in the area -
No details for a court system in the Constitution
Federal law remained the “Supreme Law of the Land”
Washington wanted to set up a federal court system headed by a Supreme Court
Chief justice, five associate justices
More justices added over time -
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Amendments added to the Constitution between 1795 and 1992 to protect the rights of citizens in the United States
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Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) v. John Adams (Federalist)
John Adams elected as the 2nd president
Thomas Jefferson - his political rival, becomes Vice President
Federalist President
Democratic Republican Vice President
Constitution did not call for separate Electoral votes for president and vice president
Federalist Era -
As a result of the Elections of 1796 and 1800, in which votes were cast for all candidates, including running mates for Vice President, the Electoral College was required to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President
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British impressments of US sailors continued, in spite of Jay’s Treaty
British blockading US ships bound for France
US did not want to get involved with problems between Britain and France
President Jefferson declared an embargo(no trade) with Britain and France
Jefferson’s alternative to war
Believed it would hurt Britain and other European countries and force them to accept American Neutrality
Embargo actually hurt America more than Britain
Very unpopular, mistake for Jefferson -
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Cherokee assisted Andrew Jackson in defeating the Creeks, ho were allied with the British
Opened up the Southwest for settlement
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 - no gains for either side
Land boundaries returned to prewar status
Battle of New Orleans
Won after Treaty of Ghent - made Jackson a national hero
Jackson’s troops defeated the British
US suffered 8 deaths, the British suffered over 700 -
James Monroe 5th President of the United States
“Era of Good Feelings” -
US faced widespread economic problems
Foreclosures
Bank failures
Unemployment
Slump in agriculture and manufacturing -
Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that Congress had the right to establish a national bank under the Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause of the Constitution
Power of federal government over state government -
Secretary of State - John Quincy Adams
Negotiated a treaty with Spain
US acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana Territory (US territory through the Louisiana Purchase) and Spanish territory in the west -
The extension of slavery into new territories divides the North and South - conflict over state’s rights
Northern economy based on manufacturing
Southern economy based on slavery - “cotton kingdom”
Needed a balance of slave and free states to maintain the sectional balance -
Mexico gained independence from Spain - Texas part of Mexico
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Stated American continents were no longer open to colonization - US would view any attempt as an act of aggression
Stated that the US would not interfere in the affairs of other nations
Europe should stay out of western hemisphere -
Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that only Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade
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Increase in trade, decrease in shipping rates and shipping time
Connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean -
Sharing everything, live in harmony
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Protective tariff designed to protect northern manufacturing from competition from cheaper British imports
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Congress passed the Indian Removal Act - authorized the removal of Native Americans from the SE United States
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an anti-slavery newspaper -
Used the freedom of press to get his message out. -
Virginia
Led by a slave - Nat Turner - rebellion was a failure
Caused the south to strengthen slave codes (laws restricting activities and conduct of slaves) -
The Cherokee appealed to the US Supreme Court
Court ruled that the Cherokee had a right to remain on their land and could not be forcibly removed -
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President Jackson ignored the court’s decision
Troops sent to round up Cherokee and move them to Oklahoma
800 mile march
Over a quarter of the Cherokee died from disease, starvation, and weather exposure -
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Based on transcendentalism
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Every man married to every women
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Stanton called for women to be given the right to vote
Seneca Falls Convention
first women’s rights convention -
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Gave the United States parts of New Mexico and Arizona for $10 million from Mexico
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