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Delegates from thirteen American colonies of British America in Congress against Great Britain
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Officially ended the American Revolutionary War. Set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the latter
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revise the ailing Articles of Confederation. However, the Convention soon abandoned the Articles, drafting a new Constitution with a much stronger national government
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Constitutional Convention / Whiskey Rebellion -
new form of government for the United States
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Ten amendments: guns, protection against incrimination yourself, freedom of speech, right to protest
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A tax protest. "Whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War.
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right to retrieve slaves from free states, penalties to those helping slaves
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Co-drafted Declaration of Independence -
Co-drafted and completed Declaration of Independence -
doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution
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Monroe Doctrine: American sovereignty from European nations while asserting a national right of influence over the western hemisphere -
Was United States federal legislation that stopped northern attempts to forever prohibit slavery's expansion by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state in exchange for legislation which prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel except for Missouri
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Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, beginning the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans in what became known as the Trail of Tears
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was a weekly abolitionist newspaper, printed and published in Boston. Religious rather than political, it appealed to the moral conscience of its readers, urging them to demand immediate freeing of the slaves ("immediatism"). It also promoted women's rights, an issue that split the American abolitionist movement.
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was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, led by Nat Turner. The rebels killed between 55 and 65 people, at least 51 of whom were white. State legislatures passed new laws prohibiting the education of enslaved people and free black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil liberties for free black people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship services.
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a United States policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas. It argued that any intervention in the politics of the Americas by foreign powers was a potentially hostile act against the United States
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was an enslaved African-American man in the US who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom. Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years, where slavery was illegal and their laws said that slaveholders gave up their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period. Decision: couldn't claim citizenship in the US thus Scott could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules
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During Civil War: anti-slavery / Gettysburg Address -
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The American Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and 1861. The conflict began primarily as a result of the long-standing disagreement over the institution of slavery
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The Emancipation Proclamation granted freedom to the slaves in the Confederate States if the States did not return to the Union by January 1, 1863. In addition, under this proclamation, freedom would only come to the slaves if the Union won the war.
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He challenged Union forces during the war's bloodiest battles, including Antietam and Gettysburg, before surrendering to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia, marking the end of the devastating conflict that nearly split the United States.
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13th amendment
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- Black men could vote
- Segregation
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granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including formerly enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”
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established that neither race nor slavery could prevent black people from voting -> impossible to pass literacy tests to limit the ability of African Americans to vote
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In the years leading up to the conflict, the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands. It was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army
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a federally-owned island in New York Harbor that was once the busiest immigrant inspection station
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domestic program, which reflected Roosevelt's three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform in the 1912 presidential election, and also refers to the progressive programs enacted by Wilson during his first term as president from 1913 to 1916 while the Democrats controlled Congress. Tariff reform, Business reform, Banking reform
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an American women's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage.
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a perceived threat from the American labor movement, anarchist revolution, and political radicalism
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influenza pandemic was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus
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Were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during the April 15, 1920, armed robbery in the United States. Seven years later, they were electrocuted in the electric chair at Charlestown State Prison
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Prohibits the United States and the states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognising the right of women to a vote.
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The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.
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A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters
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During Roaring Twenties and the Wall Street Crash -
share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed + signaled the beginning of the Great Depression
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Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade fell by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23%
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New Deal (Great Depression) / Good Neigbor Policy -
repealed the 18th Amendment on December 5, 1933, though prohibition continued in some states. To date, this is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another
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a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA). They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth and the elderly.
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Main principle: non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America
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The National Labor Relations Act solidified worker’s rights and enacted laws for handling relations between employers and labor unions
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Black Americans at war
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Goals articulated by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech, Freedom of worship, Freedom from want, Freedom from fear
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Ordered equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the Armed Forces / During Cold War: Truman Doctrine = the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces / During Korean War / Established the NATO -
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a political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and its allied states. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union, while on the west side were the countries that were NATO members or nominally neutral.
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the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
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the perception that national or foreign communists were infiltrating or subverting U.S. society and the federal government
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Goal: encourage Latin America, US as partner, increase living standard. = an international organization that was founded on 30 April 1948 for the purposes of solidarity and co-operation among its member states within the Western Hemisphere
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Allies dropped food and such by planes
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an American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of communism
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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anti-communist activities
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During Korean War: threatened China with A-bomb / NATO: was in charge of the soldiers / Domino Theory: Asia has a lot of unsettled countries, if one of them e.g., Vietnam, fell under communist rule, others would follow. They would be knocked over one by one, like a line of falling dominoes / During the Vietnam War: poured American money and weapons into South Vietnam -
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= 2nd Reconstruction: MLK jr. + Malcolm X
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The Warsaw Pact embodied what was referred to as the Eastern bloc, while NATO and its member countries represented the Western bloc. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were ideologically opposed and, over time, built up their own defences starting an arms race that lasted throughout the Cold War.
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6 principles of nonviolence
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During Vietnam War: sent soldiers as advisers and trainers and poured American money and weapons into South Vietnam / Was assassinated -
to hear King's 'I Have a Dream' speech
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During Vietnam War: bombing cities in North Vietnam to force communists to make peace -
outlawed segregation in schools, public places or jobs
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outlawed racial discrimination in voting
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a social movement motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods. Black Power activists founded black-owned bookstores, food cooperatives, farms, media, printing presses, schools, clinics and ambulance services.
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outlawed discrimination in housing
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America's involvement
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Watergate Affair / During Vietnam War: Vietnamization = plan to achieve peace without losing face. It was set out to strengthen the South Vietnamese army to make it seem strong enough to defend SV without help. Nixon started bombing their cities again to ‘persuade’ them to agree. -
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a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation
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sought to ensure African Americans were better represented in certain industries
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