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History of American Education - a Brief
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The United States Constitution is Ratified
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10th Amendment to the US Constitution is Ratified
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people" "Since education is not mentioned in the Constitution, it is one of those powers reserved to the states.
source: http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/edu/ed370/federal.html -
Request for Centralization by Social Elites
The school reformers, who were social elites, of the 1890s, demanded centralization as an antidote to low-performing schools and advocated control by professionals as the cure for the incompetence and corruption of local school boards. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall personally argued the case before the Court. Although he raised a variety of legal issues on appeal, the most common one was that separate school systems for blacks and whites were inherently unequal, and thus violate the "equal protection clause" of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
Request for Decentralization From Parents and Activitists
The school reformers, mostly parents and activists, demanded decentralization of the schools and blamed teachers and administrators for the school system’s lack of success with minority children. -
Higher Education Act of 1965
source:The Higher Education Act of 1965 (Pub. L. No. 89-329) (HEA) was legislation signed into United States law on November 8, 1965 as part of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society domestic agenda. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
This ACT was signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson and was an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education, while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum. -
Professors Say Schools Opress the Poor
Professors at various universities treated the public schools scornfully as institutions devised by elites to oppress the poor. These "leftist historians" (p. 5) wrote many articles and books about this topic. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
source:Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) is an educational right of children with disabilities in the United States that is guaranteed by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973[1] and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
source:Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on November 30, 1975, this required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. -
US Department of Education is Established
President Jimmy Carter signed the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88) and created a new federal beaucracy. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on October 30, 1990, this act governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities. -
US Department of Education Ushers in the Standards Movement
U.S. Department of Education awarded grants to consortia of professional groups of teachers and scholars to develop voluntary national standards in history, English language arts, science, civics, economics, the arts, foreign languages, geography, and physical education. -
Charter School Movement Begins with Bipartisan Support
Government-run schools, said a new generation of reformers, are ineffective because they are a monopoly; as such, they have no incentive to do better, and they serve the interests of adults who work in the system, not children. Democrats saw an opportunity to reinvent government; Republicans, a chance to diminish the power of the teachers’ unions, which, in their view, protect jobs and pensions while blocking effective management and innovation. -
Goals 2000: Educate America Act
"The Goals 2000: Educate America Act (P.L. 103-227)" was signed into law on March 31, 1994 by President Bill Clinton. The Act provides resources to states and communities to ensure that all students reach their full potential. -
Head Start Reform and Creation of Early Head Start
President Bill Clinton signed the Head Start Reform and Creation of Early Head Star bill. This bill established minimum performance standards, strong accountability and created the Early Head Start program for children aged 0 to 3. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA 2004) is a United States law that mandates equity, accountability and excellence in education for children with disabilities. There are approximately 6.7 million children and youth with disabilities in public schools across the United States.[1] Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 3, 2004. -
Standardized test scores become the primary measure of school quality
President George W. Bush’s No Child Left Behind program was signed into law in January 2002. No Child Left Behind—or NCLB—changed the nature of public schooling across the nation by making standardized test scores the primary measure of school quality. The rise or fall of test scores in reading and mathematics became the critical variable in judging students, teachers, principals, and schools. -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was Enacted
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_ActThe bi-partisan law was signed by President George W. Bush (R - TX) and was coauthored by Representatives John Boehner (R-OH), George Miller (D-CA), and Senators Edward Kennedy (D-MA) and Judd Gregg (R-NH). -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
source:The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (Pub.L. 111–5), commonly referred to as the Stimulus or The Recovery Act, was an economic stimulus package enacted by the 111th United States Congress in February 2009 and signed into law on February 17, 2009, by President Barack Obama. -
Common Core ELA & Math Standards Adoption Progress
source: "...45 states, the Department of Defense Education Activity, Washington D.C., Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands have adopted the Common Core State Standards in ELA/literacy and math." -
Next Generation Science Standards Adoption Progress
source: Nevada becomes the 10th state to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards. Other states include California, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington -
New York State Board of Regents Adopts the The College, Career and Civic Life (C3) Framework
source: The New York State Board of Regents adopts the The College, Career and Civic Life (C3) Framework which was developed in conjunction with the National Council for the Social Studies
