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The HABSBURGS to the BOURBONS
Following the death of Charles II without heirs, Spain passed from the Habsburg dynasty to the Bourbons, sparking the War of the Spanish Succession. This transition marked the beginning of French-style centralizing reforms and shifts in the European balance of power. -
The Seven Years War
A global conflict between European powers, especially Great Britain and France, with battles in Europe, North America, India, and Africa. Its outcome weakened France and left Great Britain as the dominant power at sea and in the colonies. -
The Industrial Revolution
The beginning of a process of technological, economic, and social transformation in England. Steam engines, factories, and urbanization radically changed the way people lived and worked, laying the foundations for modern capitalism. -
The War of Independence
The Thirteen Colonies began their struggle for independence from British rule. It was a key conflict that inspired liberal and revolutionary movements in Europe and Latin America. -
The American Revolution
The Declaration of Independence was signed, becoming the first successful example of a people replacing a monarchical government with a democratic republic. -
The French Revolution
A social uprising that ended the Ancien Régime, abolished the absolute monarchy, and proclaimed the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It had a decisive influence on Europe and America. -
End of the Ancien Régime
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a cornerstone of modern democracy and a symbol of the end of the king's absolute power, is published. -
The Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor, spreading revolutionary ideas under an authoritarian government. His conquests across Europe unleashed profound changes, and he represented both the continuity and the end of the Revolution. -
The Constitution of 1812
During the Napoleonic occupation, Spain drafted a liberal constitution that limited the king's power and recognized citizens' rights. Although it was short-lived, it had a significant influence on the Hispanic world. -
The Congress of Vienna
Meeting of the European powers following the defeat of Napoleon. Monarchies were restored and the European map was redrawn. It sought to restore the balance of power and prevent future revolutions.