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galileoperformed fundamental observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses in astronomy and physics; discovered mountains and craters on the moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede
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Pascaldiscovered that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of its container (Pascal's principle)
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Newtondeveloped theories of gravitation and mechanics, and invented differential calculus
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Franklinthe first American physicist; characterized two kinds of electric charge, which he named ``positive'' and ``negative''
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Wattinvented the modern condensing steam engine and a centrifugal governor
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Faraday
discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer -
Kelvinproposed absolute temperature scale, of essence to development of thermodynamics
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worked on electromagnetic phenomena; discovered radio waves and the photoelectric effect
Hertz
