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Communist Manifesto
Marx and Engels wrote it. Layed out the Communist leagues purposes and programs. Analyzes class struggle, denounces capitalism. The history of society is the history of class struggles Upper class vs. proletariat -
John Brown
advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. Led the unsuccessful raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859, which attempted to start an armed slave revolt. -
Battle of Shiloh
bloodiest battle in civil war, 24000 dead, allowed union armies to join in Tennessee. -
Thomas Nast
Father of the American Cartoon. His drawings helped bring down Boss Tweed. Hated Irish immigrant community, and Catholic Church leaders. Supported American Indians, Chinese, and advocated abolition of slavery. -
NY Draft Riots
Violent disturbances in NYC against the draft into the civil war. Turned into violent acts against black people. -
Freedmens Bureau
US federal agency, aided refugees of the civil war. Provided education, health care, and employment. Headed by General Oliver O. Howard. Disbanded under Andrew Johnson. First focused on providing food and medical aid, but then focused on setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. Opponents thought it was similar to modern day welfare. -
Reconstruction
South Reintegrated into society, Union troops patrolled south. States would be re-admitted with acceptance of 13th, 14th, and 15th, amendments. -
Proletarianization
Marxist Philosophy, Craftsmen now worked in factories for a boss paid by a wage, no longer self-employed and couldn’t control income. Now paid on quantity instead of quality. -
Ku Klux Klan
hate organization against blacks, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. Wanted to advance the interests of white Christian Americans. -
Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869, led by Uriah Stephens. Against child labor, wanted equal pay for women, progressive tax income, split employer-employee ownership of factories/mines. -
Franklin Gowen
president of Phili and Reading Railroads in 1870s and 1880s. Infiltrated the Molly Maguires by hiring James McKenna. -
Buffalo Bill
name because he fucked up buffalo, symbol of frontier manliness. Medal of Honor in 1872. -
Panic of 1873
long depressions, lasted until 1879. Chain reaction of bank failures led to temporary closing of NYSE. 14% unemployment by 1876. -
Mississippi Plan
Devised by Dems to overthrow the Reps by organized violence, suppression of black vote, and disruption of elections. 2 step process: convince white republicans to change parties or leave the south, and then stop blacks from voting. By 1890, all Southern states adopted the plan. Notorious group in Mississippi called “Red Shirts”. Well armed and financed. Pressure convince carpetbaggers to change parties or flee the state. -
The Centennial International Exhibition
1876, first worlds fair in the US. In Pennsylvania. 20% of US visited the fair!! African Americans couldn’t attend the fair except for on negro day. They were only entertainers. -
Corliss Centennial Engine
Powered almost all exhibits at Centennial Exposition. 1876, symbol of new, great technology and innovation. Turned on by President Ulysses S Grant. -
George Armstrong Custer
Died fighting Native Americans and Little Bighorn, 1876. Became a symbol of unification of America through racial war -
Farmers Alliance
agrarian economic movement. Founded in 1876 in Lampasas Texas. Promote higher commodity prices thorugh collective actions. Strong in South. PRECURSOR TO US POPULIST PARTY.Accomplishments: Setting up cooperative stores Established its own mills Allowed poor farmers to bring goods to market at lower cost. -
Beginning of Jim Crowe laws
state/local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965. Mandated Segregation, “separate but equal”. All things public were segregated. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and comprehension tests established to eliminate black votes. -
Compromise of 1877
election between Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden. Federal troops gone from south, south got to build infrastructure. Democrats now once again had control of south, ended reconstruction, and MOST IMPORTANTLY allowed for racism, black supression and Jim Crowe laws. -
Great railroad strike of 1877
Started in WV, 45 days long. Ended after militias put it down. Response to 2nd annual cutting of wages for Baltimore & Ohio railroads. Strike spread to MD, where workers attacked the 5th and 6th regiments of the National guard. Guard fired back, killed 10 wounded 25. -
Molly Maguires (Ancient Society of the Hiberians)
Irish, in coalfields of Penn. Many arrested in 1878 on evidence of crimes and kidnapping. Brought down by James McKenna who infiltrated them and then ousted them. -
Brooklyn Bridge
longest in the world. Brought together old and new facets of architecture, symbolism of joining the old and new -
Capitalist time
creation of time zones for trains. Time stopped for 18 mins in Chicago. -
James “Buck” Duke
US tobacco and electric power industrialist. 1885, first automated cigarette machine. Supplied 40% of American cigarettes. Created The American Tobacco Company, monopolizing tobacco. In 1906 antitrust efforts split the ATC into 3. -
John S. Pemberton
inventor of Coca-Cola. Orginally alcoholic beverage mixed with coca(cocaine). When temperance legislation was enacted, Pemberton produced non-alcoholic Coca-Cola. -
Haymarket Bomb
Chicago. Random threw a bomb at police, 8 died, many civilians died too. 8 anarchists tried for murder, one was Parsons, one was August Spies. Shed negative light on wokers unions, 8-hour day not in effect till 1938. -
Albert Parons
Haymarket affair. Married Lucy, claimed to be Mexican/NA but people thought she was black -
1886 national strike
to reduce workday from 12 to 8 hours. Led to Haymarket Square incident in 1886, and the later Pullman strike in 1894. -
Asa Candler
Aquired Coca-Cola, and removed cocaine as an ingredient. -
Henry Grady
helped reintegrate states of former confederacy into the union. Grady wanted a New South in which past was put to rest.IMPORTANT QUOTATION – “There is a South of salvery and secession – that South is dead. There is now a South of union and freedom – the South, thank God, is living, breathing, and growing every hour.” -
Rebecca Latimer Felton
White supremacist, claimed the more money Georgia spent on Negro education, the more Negro crimes there would be. Horribly racist, but fought for women’s suffrage. Served as a senator for Georgia in 1922 for one day. -
Wounded Knee Massacre
US troops surrounded an encampment of Sioux Indians. Although intended to be peaceful, a deaf Indian wouldn’t give up his rifle and this led to 200 Indian deaths and 25 trooper deaths. MARKED THE END OF INDIAN WARS. -
Populist Party
Political party in late 19th century, comprised of southern and western farmers. Opposed gold standard. They grew out of agrarian unrest because of falling agricultural prices and monopolistic railroad rates. First party to include women in their affairs. Wanted to create class based political lines instead of race based political lines -
The Homestead Strike
Steel was doing really well so workers asked for a wage increase Carnegie gave a 22% wage decrease. Culminated in a battle between strikers and security agents on July 6. 9 workers and 3 guards killed at Fort Frick. Between Amalgamated Associantion of Iron and Steel Wokers and the Carnegie Steel Company. Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, shot Henry Frick twice and stabbed him twice. After this, Amalgamted membership dropped from 24,000 to 8,000. -
Alexander Berkman
shot and stabbed Henry Frick twice after Homestead Strike on July 23, 1892. -
Ignatius L. Donnelly
U.S. Congressman and populist. Wrote the preamble of the Populist Party’s Omaha Platform. Wanted Abandonment of Gold Standard, abolition of national banks, a graduated tax income, and 8 hour day. -
Pullman Strike
Strike in Chicago between labor unions and railways. Grover Clevland broke it up with national troops. The leader, Eugene V. Debs, was punished. Because of Clevland's reaction, he lost reelection. -
Mark Hanna
campaign manager of McKinley in 1896. Attracted some labor unions to the Republican party and avoided some major strikes. -
Bradley Martin Ball
JP Morgan attended. “Create economic stimulus for NYC”. Poor hurting more than ever during this time, much negative publicity. Modern parellel – Steve Schwarzman’s 60th -
Pan-American Exposition
Worlds fair in Buffalo, NY, in 1901. Pres William McKinley assassinated by anarchist. Exposition measured growth and technology, showing of X-ray machine. -
Coal strike of 1902
United Mine Workers of America in eastern Penn. Health and Safety issues. 9-hour day, 10% wage increase. Feds were neutral arbitrator for the first time. -
Split of American tobacco Company
In 1906 antitrust efforts split the ATC into 3 parts.