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Theodor Schwann, a German scientist, concluded that fermentation is the result of living things.
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French chemist Louis Pasteur determined that fermentation is caused by yeast.
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Eduard Buchner, a German chemist received the Nobel prize for showing that enzymes in yeast cells, not the teast cells themselves, cause fermentation.
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Arthur Harden and Hans Euler-Chelpin, two scientists, determined exactly how enzymes cause fermentation and they won the Nobel prize for their work.
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By the 1940's, technology was developed to use fermentation to produce antibiotics.