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French chemist Louis Pasteur dtermined that fermentation is caused by yeast. His idea was influenced by the earlier work of Theodor Schwann.
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The German chemist Eduard Buchner recieved the Nobel prize for proving that enzymes in yeast cells caused fermentation not the yeast cell itself.
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They won the Nobel prize for determining exactly how enzymes caused fermentation.
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By the 1940's technology was developed to use fermentation to create antibiodics.
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In 220 B.C. uses of fermentation encluded fermented tea, help dough in bread to rise, and used in alcoholic beverages.