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Changing Rulers
Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam in 1941 and organized a group to resist the Japanese occupation. The group was called Vietminh. During the war the Vietminh were able to liberate parts of northern Vietnam. -
Period: to
1960's Timeline Project
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Baseball Integration
Jackie Robinson signs a contract to play with the Montreal Royals of the International League. Integration of Major League Baseball begins. A big stepping stone in civil rights. -
The Geneva Conference
The purpose of the conference was to work out a peace agreement and arrange for Indochina's future. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
In the Supreme Court case, all nine justices agreed that separate schools for African Americans and whites violated the Constitution's guarantee of equal protection of the law. -
Little Rock 9
When 9 African American students attempted to enter an all white high-school they were stopped by the National Guard of Arkansas and harassed by all white bystanders. For three weeks this happened, until Johnson orderd federal troops to protect and aid the students in entering the school. -
The Sit-In Movement
A form of non-violent protesting that occured all over and attracted African Americans by the hundreds. All the kids would do is go into a diner, order, and then when they were denied, stayed in their seats until the shop closed. And they would come back the next day too with a larger crowd. -
1960 Election
Kennedy wins the election! Bringing a new era and a "New Frontier" forward. Kennedy was setting major goals for the United States future. -
Kennedy's Space Program
Another program opend by Kennedy to explore space. In his speech he makes it clear that we will be putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade. An acomplishment the soviets would not beat us to. -
24th Amendment
This amendment banned states from taxing citizens to vote. Many southern states required these poll taxes as a way to keep African American from voting. So with this, now more African Americans can vote. -
The Cuban Missle Crisis Begins
Kennedy ordered U-2 spy-plane flights over Cuba and they dectected SAMs. (defensive missles) This organization of missles was a great threat to the U.S. and created a lot of tension between the soviets and the United States in the days that followed. Coming close to both contries being on the brink of war -
The Birmingham Campaign
Birmingham police cheif Eugene "Bull" Connor used fire hoses to disperse 2,500 protesters marching. Protesters were knocked down, had clothes tore off, and were even left bloody on the ground. It was a horrible sight to watch on TV. After this, city officials somehow agreed to many of King's demands. -
Kennedy's Foreign Policy
In this speech, Kennedy creates the Peace Corps program and the Alliance for Progress. The AP, offered billions of dollars to build schools, hospitals, roads, low-cost housing and power plants in Latin America -
JFK Assassination
While riding in an open car through a Dallas parade, on his way to give a speech, John F. Kennedy was shot and killed. This was a great shock and devistation to our nation and the world. -
One Person, One Vote
The Court ruled that legislative districts must have equal populations. This reform gauranteed that each citizen's vote has equal weight, something that would change how legislative representation was determined -
Freedom Summer
A project that offered African American students much-needed help in reading and math as well as instruction in black history and the civil rights movement. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
This civil rights act, was a major stepping stone for African Americans in the United States. When this was passed it banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations. -
Economic Opportunity Act
Gave a big push towards the war on poverty, and funded other programs such as the Job Corps and VISTA. The White House even created a new Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) for these issues. -
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
This resolution enabled the president to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States." -
Rise of Counterculture
Much of the youth in the late 60's and early 70's had begun to protest for peace and harmony, a new establishment. And they tried to, in many non-violent ways. The youth surprised American's by how many were rebelling. -
Free Speech Movement
The goal of the Freedom Speech Movement was to be able to say what you feel, when you feel it. It shocked mainstream Americans who thought young people would not question authority. -
U.S. Strategy
To improve rural security, U.S. forces instituted a program of pacification. Its goal was to "win the hearts and minds" of the South Vietnamese people. To pacify, or calm, opposition. -
The Air War
The first major direct U.S. military activity in Vietnam took place in the air. President Johnson ordered Operation Rolling Thunder, a bombing campaign over North Vietnam. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This Act gave federal government powerful tools with which to break down longstanding barriers to African American voting rights. The impact was felt quickly. In the next three weeks 27,000+ African Americans in the southern states registered to vote. -
The Anti War Movement
As opposition to the war grew, a large antiwar movement developed. The movement attracted a broad range of people, including students, civil rights workers, doctors, homemakers, retirees and teachers.Some groups were very extreme and caused trouble. -
The Johnson Doctrine
With Johnson fully committed to stopping the spread of communism, he sent 22,000 troops to end a revolt in the Dominican Republic. This was the Johnson Doctrine, it declared that the U.S. would actively fight against the establishment of any Communist regime in the Western Hemisphere. -
The Great Society
In trying to create the "Great Society" many Acts were passed to help the needy. Medicaid and medicare were now available to people. Now less and less were suffering -
The NOW
A group of feminists formed the National Organization for Women. This organization fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and justice system. It also worked to end violence against women and to achieve abortion rights. -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party formed in Oakland, California, as a militant group that called for an armed revolution to achieve African American liberation. -
The Brown Berets
The Brown Berets emerged as one of the most militant organizations in the Chicano movement. The berets began their activism by protesting against police brutality in East Los Angeles. -
MAYO
MAYO was a very important organization, Jose Angel Gutierrez is only one of its founders. Jose did a lot to achieve economic independence, to gain control over education, and to gain power for all the Latinos. -
Summer of Love
A summer where hippies expected to find a mellow living by moving to communes. But there were problems, the lack of rules and drugs led to much violence. -
Urban Unrest
After many accounts of riots and a week of violence in Detroit, President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission to study the cause of urban rioting. What they reported; "Our nation is moving towards two societies, one black and one white--separate and unequal." -
The Tet Offensive
In 1968, the Tet Offensive was a series of massive coordinated attacks throughout South Vietnam. 1968 was a critical year in the Vietnam War. -
My Lai Massacre
The My Lai Massacre was when U.S. troops killed at least 450 women, children, and elderly men. It was supposed to be kept quiet but eventually soldiers started to recall what they had witnessed. -
Another Kennedy Death
Robert Kennedy was now gaining a lot of ground in the 1968 election, he became popular fast. But just as fast and he grew in popularity he was just as fast to be put out. Just as he was finishing a speech he was shot three times, and less than 24 hours later he died. -
King's Assassination
Dr. Marthin Luther King Jr. stepped onto his balcony of his motel on April 4th. A white male sniper named James Earl Ray, shot and killed King. Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120 cities. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Also called the Fair Housing Act, the law banned discrimination in the sale or rental of a house. This helped many African Americans since there was still much discrimination against them. -
The Poor People March
The Poor People's Campaign was supposed to be an important expansion of the civil rights movement. Now being led by Ralph Abernathy, thousands of protesters came. In the end it turned out to be a disaster. The African Americans seemed lost without their King. -
The Election of 1968
Over a long, tedious campaign and even a death in the election the results were in. Nixon recieved 301 electoral votes to Humphrey's 191. Nixon's victory gave the U.S. a turn for some new policies. -
Vietnamization
Vietnamization involved turning over more of the fighting in Vietnam to the South Vietnamese while gradually bringing U.S. troops home. -
New Black Power
The African Americans who took over elected offices in these and other places governed as well as the white officials they replaced. Others who were productive protesters later proved to aid the nation; Thurgood Marshall, John Lewis, Andrew Young and Jesse Jackson are just a few. -
La Raza Unida
The La Raza Unida Party (RUP) "united people", campaigned for bilingual education, improved public services, education for children of migrant workers, and an end to job discrimination. In 1970, RUP officails were elected to offices in several Texas cities. -
26th Amendment
This amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. If men were going to war, they should be able to vote. -
Equal Rights Amendment
This proposed amendment to the Constitution promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, not just employment. The problem was this stimulated much debate and in the end it was short 3 states. It failed to become a law. -
American Indian Movement
The American Indian Movement also known as AIM, was founded in Minnesota by Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt. AIM called for the renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for Indian Children.
