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volstead Act
who:U.S. Congress
What: Law defining "intoxicating liquors" and setting penalties for violating Prohibition
When: October 28, 1919
Where: United States
Summary: The Volstead Act provided the means to enforce Prohibition, outlining specific regulations and punishments. -
increased Bootlegging
Who: Bootleggers, smugglers
What: Illegal production and distribution of alcohol\When: 1920s
Where: Across the United States, especially border regions
Summary: Bootlegging operations flourished, with smugglers bringing alcohol from Canada and other countries. -
rise of organized crime
Who: Al Capone, other mob bosses
What: Expansion of criminal empires through bootlegging and other illegal activities
When: 1920s
Where: Major cities like Chicago and New York
Summary: Prohibition enabled organized crime to amass significant power and wealth. -
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) advocacy
Who: Women's Christian Temperance Union
What: Advocacy and activism in support of Prohibition
When: Throughout the 1920s
Where: United States
Summary: The WCTU continued to be a strong voice in support of Prohibition, advocating for its enforcement and continuation. -
rise of speakeasies
who: organized crime, ordinary citizens
what:illegal bars and clubs known as speakeasies begin to flourish.
when:1920
where:Throughout the United States, especially in urban areas
summary: speakeasies became popular places to drink alcohol illegally, ofton run by organized crime. -
The 18th amendment (Prohibition) goes into effect
who: U.S. federal government
what: The 18th amendment banning the manufacture,sale and transportation of alcohol goes into effect
when: January 16 1920
where:United States
summary:This marked the beginning of the Prohibition ear in the United State,aiming to reduce crime and corruption and salve social problems. -
Anti-saloon league's influence
who:Anti-Saloon League
what:The anti-saloon League continues to be a powerful lobbying force,advocating for strict enforcement of Prohibition.
when:1921
where:United states
summary:The anti-saloon League played a significant role in pushing for and maintaining Prohibition through political pressure and public campaigns. -
Al capone's Reign
who:Al Capone
what:Al Capone becomes a notorious figure in Chicago, controlling a vast bootlegging and criminal empire.
when:1924
where:Chicago, illinois
summary:capone's actives exemplified the rise of organized crime during prohibition,highlighting the challenges of enforcing the ban on alcohol. -
increased gang violence
who:Rival gangs
what:Gang violence escalates as Rival groups complete for control of the illegal alcohol trade.
when:1926
where:Major cities like Chicago and new york
summary:The competition for the lucrative bootlegging business led to increased violence and lawlessness -
The untouchables
who: Eliot Ness and his team
what: Eliot Ness forms "The Untouchables." a special team of law enforcement agents dedicated to bringing down AL Capone's illegal operations.
when:1927
where:
summaryNess and his team targeted Capone's bootlegging empire, leading to significant legal challenges for the gangster. -
political debates on prohibition
who:Presidential candidiates
what:The issue of prohibition becomes a significant topic in the presidential election, with candidates taking vary stances on its enforcement and potential repeal.
when:1928
where:United states
summary: The political debates reflected the growing division in public option regarding prohibition's effectiveness and social impact. -
St. valentine's day massacre
who:Ai Capone's gang and bugs Moran's gang
what:AI Capone's gang orchestrates the st. valentine's Day massacre, Killing seven members of bugs Moran's rival gang.
when:February 14, 1929
where:Chicago illinois
summary: This event highlighted the extreme violence associated with organized crime during prohibition. -
stock market crash
Who: investors, Wall Street
What:The stock market crash, also known as black Tuesday marks the beginning of the Great Depression
When: October 29 1929
Where: New York City, Wall Street
Summary: the crash led to significant loss of wealth and triggered a long period of economic decline -
Dust bowl Begins
Who: Farmers, residents of the Great Plains
What: Severe dust storms and ecological disaster
When: 1930
Where: Great Plains region (Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, etc.)
Summary: Over-farming and drought led to massive dust storms, devastating agriculture and displacing families. -
Growing opposition to prohiibiton
who:Various groups and citizens
what:Opposition to prohibition grows as many American become disillusioned with its effects, including increased crime and corruption.
when:1930
where:United states
summary: The failure of prohibition to achieve its goals led to increasing calls for its repeal. -
Period: to
widespread unemployment
who:American workers
what:Mass Job losses across various industries
when:1930-1933
where:United states
summary: Unemployment soared during the great depression, reaching 25% by 193 -
Period: to
Bank Failures
Who: Banks, depositors
What: Banks collapsing due to insolvency and panic
When: 1930-1933
Where: Across the United States
Summary: Thousands of banks failed as people lost confidence in the banking system, leading to the loss of savings and further economic contraction. -
Period: to
Unemployment Soars
Who: American workers
What: Mass unemployment across the country
When: 1930-1933
Where: United States
Summary: Unemployment rates reached as high as 25%, causing widespread poverty and hardship. -
Hawley-smooth Tariff Act
Who: U.S. Congress, President Herbert Hoover, international trading partners
What: A tariff act that raised import duties to protect American industries
When: June 17, 1930
Where: United States
Summary: The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act increased tariffs on imported goods, leading to retaliatory tariffs from other countries and a decline in international trade. -
Establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Who: U.S. Government
What: A government agency that provided financial aid to railroads, banks, and other businesses
When: January 22, 1932
Where: United States
Summary: The RFC aimed to stimulate the economy by providing loans to key industries, but its impact was limited. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt Elected president
What: Roosevelt's election on a platform of economic recovery
When: November 8, 1932
Where: United States
Summary: Franklin D. Roosevelt's election marked a turning point in the government's response to the Great Depression. He promised a "New Deal" for the American people, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform. -
Period: to
First New Deal
Who: Franklin D. Roosevelt, U.S. Congress
What: A series of programs and reforms aimed at relief, recovery, and reform
When: 1933-1934
Where: United States
Summary: The First New Deal included measures such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to provide jobs and stabilize the economy. -
Period: to
second new deal
who:Franklin D. Roosevelt, U.S. Congress, American public
what:Additional programs and reforms to addressing long-term economic security
when:1935-1938
where:united states
summary: The second new deal included the social security act, the works progress administration and the Wagner act, focusing on social welfare, job creation and labor rights. -
Dust storm "Black Sunday"
who:Residents of the Dust Bowl region
what: One of the most severe dust storms in the Dust Bowl era.
when:April 14 1935
where:Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas and surrounding states.
summary: "Black Sunday" was a devastating dust storm that caused widespread panic and further highlighted the severity of the Dust bowl crisis. -
The grapes of wrath published
who:John Steinbeck, American public
what: A novel depicting the hardships of a family fleeing the Dust bowl
when:1939
where:United states
summary:John steinbeck's novel, " The grapes of wrath" humanized the plight of dust bowl migrants and brought attention of their struggles. -
Period: to
the end of the great deprestion
What: The beginning of the end of the Great Depression, with increased industrial production and employment
When: 1939-1941
Where: United States
Summary: The start of World War II in Europe led to increased demand for American goods, stimulating industrial production and creating jobs. While the economic recovery was gradual, it marked the end of the most severe period of the Great Depression. -
Period: to
End of the Dust Bowl
Who: Residents of the Great Plains, farmers
What: Gradual return to more normal weather patterns
When: 1939-1940
Where: Great Plains region
Summary: Increased rainfall and improved farming practices helped to alleviate the Dust Bowl conditions, although the economic effects lingered. -
Burning draft cards
who:yound men subject to the military draft.
what:publicly burning draft cards as an act of protest against the Vietnam war.
when:mid to late 1960s
where:Various locations across the USA
summary:This act of civil disobedience was a powerful symbol of resistance to the war, though it carried legal consequences. -
Greensboro sit-ins
who:Black college students
what:Nonviolent protests at segregated lunch counters
when:February 1, 1960
where: greensboro, north carolina
summary:For black college students sat at a segregated lunch counter and requested service, sparkling a wave of similar sit-ins across the south, challenging segregation. -
freedom rides
who: civil rights activities
what: integrated groups riding buses into the segregated south.
when:1961
where: southern United states
summary: Freedom riders challenged segregation on interstate buses and faced violence and arrest, drawing national attention to the civil rights struggle. -
March on Washington
Who: Civil rights organizations, activists
What: A large-scale demonstration for civil and economic rights
When: August 28, 1963
Where: Washington, D.C.
Summary: The March on Washington, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, was a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. -
Birmingham Church Bombing
Who: Ku Klux Klan members
What: Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church, a central meeting place for civil rights activists.
When: September 15, 1963
Where: Birmingham, Alabama
Summary: The bombing killed four young African American girls and sparked outrage and increased support for the Civil Rights Movement. -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Who: U.S. Congress
What: Resolution granting President Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
When: August 7, 1964
Where: Washington, D.C.
Summary: The resolution followed alleged attacks on U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin and served as the legal basis for the expansion of the Vietnam War. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
Who: Martin Luther King Jr.
What: Assassination of the prominent civil rights leader and advocate for nonviolent protest.
When: April 4, 1968
Where: Memphis, Tennessee
Summary: King's assassination sparked riots and unrest across the country, marking a significant loss for the Civil Rights Movement and a turning point in the struggle for racial equality. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Who: U.S. Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson
What: Legislation outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
When: July 2, 1964
Where: United States
Summary: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark achievement, prohibiting segregation in public places and employment. -
First teach-in
who: university of Michigan faculty and students.
what:A large-scale protest against the Vietnam war involving lectures,discussions and debates.
when:March 1965
where: university of michigan
summary: This event set a precedent for similar protests on college campuses nationwide, raising awareness and galvanizing opposition to the war. -
Selma to Montgomery Marches
Who: Civil rights activists, led by Martin Luther King Jr.
What: Three protest marches from Selma to Montgomery advocating for voting rights.
When: March 1965
Where: Alabama
Summary: The marches faced violent opposition, including "Bloody Sunday," but ultimately led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
Assassination of Malcolm X
Who: Malcolm X
What: Assassination of the prominent civil rights leader and advocate for Black nationalism.
When: February 21, 1965
Where: New York City, New York
Summary: Malcolm X's assassination marked a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement, highlighting the growing divisions between integrationist and nationalist ideologies. -
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) March on Washington
Who: Members of SDS and other anti-war activists
What: A large protest against the Vietnam War.
When: April 17, 1965
Where: Washington, D.C.
Summary: The march drew over 20,000 participants and marked a significant escalation of anti-war activism. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Who: U.S. Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson
What: Legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in voting
When: August 6, 1965
Where: United States
Summary:The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, such as literacy tests. -
March on the Pentagon
Who: Anti-war protesters, activists
What: A large demonstration at the Pentagon to protest the Vietnam War.
When: October 1967
Where: Washington, D.C.
Summary: The March on the Pentagon was a symbolic act of defiance against the military establishment and U.S. involvement in Vietnam, resulting in clashes and arrests. -
Period: to
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) Protests
Who: Vietnam War veterans
What: Protests and demonstrations organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War, including the "Winter Soldier Investigation."
When: 1967-1971
Where: Various locations across the U.S.
Summary: VVAW protests brought a powerful voice to the anti-war movement, as veterans shared their experiences and condemned the war. -
Loving v. Virginia
Who: Mildred Loving and Richard Loving
What: Supreme Court case that invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
When: June 12, 1967
Where: United States
Summary: The Supreme Court ruled that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional, legalizing interracial marriage nationwide. -
Chicago Democtatic convention protests
who:Anti-war activists and Chicago police.
what:protests and clashes during the Democratic national convention
when:August 1968
where:Chicago, illinois,USA
summary:The violent clashes between protesters and police were televised highlighting the deep divisions and tensions surrounding the Vietnam war. -
The catonsiville Nine
who:A group of Catholic activists, including Philip berrigan.
what:burning draft files in catonsville,Maryland as a form of protest.
when:MAy-17-1968
where:catonsville Maryland USA
summary:This act of civil disobedience was part of a broader movement of religious-based anti-war activism. -
March Against Death
who:Anti-war protesters.
what:A large demonstration in Washington D.C where participants walked past the white house reading the names of the war dead.
when:November 1969
where:Washington B.C.,USA
summary:This comber and powerful event underscored the human cost of the Vietnam war and further fueled the anti-war movement. -
Kent state shooting
who:Ohio national guard and Kent state university students.
what:National guard troops shot and killed four unarmed students during a protest against the Vietnam war.
when:may 4 1970
where:Kent state university,Ohio,USA
summary:this tragic event intensified anti-war sentiment and sparked widespread outrage and protests on college campuses across the country. -
Pentagon papers publication
who:The new York times and other newspapers.
what:The release of classified documents revealing the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
when:June 1971
where:USA
summary:The Pentagon papers fueled public distrust of the government and further galvanized the anti-war movement by exposing the government's misleading information about the war.