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During the 1800s an associate of Joseph Lister reported that tetanus, septicemia, pyemia, puerperal fever and gangrene were never absent from a hospital.
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In 1852, Farr confirm in his statistical report that the cholera epidemic of 1849 had direct relationship between land elevation and death.
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A sanitation committee led by Florence Nightingale worked to bring Crimean War mortality rates from 42.7% to 2%
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Map 2 (The Grand Experiment)- a map in Snow's book of 1855
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Filippo Pacini, an Italian anatomist, posthumously famous for isolating the cholera bacillus Vibrio cholerae in 1854
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Removal of the Broad Street water pump handle occurred the day after John Snow interviewed with the Board of Guardians of St. James's parish, on the evening of Thursday, 7th September, and represented the circumstances to them.
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John Snow wrote of a small outbreak in 1857 in eastern London, just outside the area covered by the 1859 map of John Snow's London.
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Nightingale's first publication, "Notes on Nursing", was used as a guide for nursing done at home as well as a textbook for nursing schools.
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Through the Nightingale Fund, St. Thomas Hospital opened up the first formal instition for training nurses.
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The Red Cross was established with the help of Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton.
Many female volunteers were trained as nurses during this time. -
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In 1866, after the death of Snow, Farr finally converted to Snow’s theory during the final London cholera outbreak. Farr acknowledge that the miasma theory on transmission of cholera was incorrect after taking statistical calculation of death rates concentration around a specific water source.
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Louis Pasteur, a French chemist and microbiologist who is well known for his development of germ theory, applied an immunization method to anthrax, which affected cattle, and aroused interest in combating other diseases.
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In 1876, Koch published his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that bacterium could be a source of infection agent.
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In 1880 an ingenious German surgeon, Gustav Neuber, grasped the need to protect more than the area of incision to prevent infection. He believed that the environs of surgery also had to be protected (Clemons, 2000). In this same year he constructed a small private hospital that embodied his aseptic design.
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In 1880 a man by the name of Ignaz Semmelweis was the first to set up an idea to tract where infections were coming from and how they were being spread.
