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The US House of Representatives votes for Jefferson as president, after a dead heat between him and Burr in the Electoral College -
The peace of Amiens comes to an abrupt end when Britain declares war again on France -
Napoleon enters Vienna and defeats the Austrians in a battle at nearby Wagram -
Tecumseh is killed fighting for the British against General Harrison east of Detroit in the Battle of the Thames -
The English and Prussian generals Wellington and Blücher defeat Napoleon in a closely fought battle at Waterloo -
London's first iron bridge is completed at Vauxhall -
The first Anglo-Sikh war ends with the Treaty of Lahore, by which Jammu and Kashmir are ceded to the British
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German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye -
An inconclusive battle at Balaklava includes the Charge of the Light Brigade, with British cavalry recklessly led towards Russian guns -
French and Piedmontese forces defeat the Austrians decisively at Solferino, in a battle involving appalling casualties -
The first battle of the American Civil War, fought near Manassas and the Bull Run Creek, is a clear Confederate victory -
Julia Ward Howe publishes The Battle Hymn of the Republic, inspired by a visit to Union troops in the American Civil War -
The three-day Battle of Gettysburg, inconclusive but more damaging to the Confederates, brings casualties on both sides of more than 50,000 -
The US battleship Maine is blown up in Havana harbour, sparking off the Spanish-American War
