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2000 BCE
Beginnings to exploration: "Mayas"
The Maya civilization began as an agriculture based society, they grew beans,squash,and corn and then flourished into big cities. The Mayas are arguably one of the most successful early civilizations in many aspects. They were the first to establish a sophisticated calendar that we use today, and created a form of writing. They mainly excelled in math and science, They were great mathematicians, architects. They built everything with precision such as pyramids, their most famous "El Castillo" -
1600 BCE
Beginnings to exploration: "Bering Land Bridge"
What is now the Bering Strait, A strait of water bordering between Russia and the United States of America, Used to be 27,000 years ago the Bering Land Bridge. Around the Last ice age, sea levels dropped exposing dry land used by travelers/migrants that came from all across Asia to what is now North America. Although, whether these people who came using the land bridge were the first to populate the area is still a mystery.
(the date was really hard to find) -
1346 BCE
Beginnings to exploration: "The Black Death"
The "Black Death" is one of the most devastating epidemics in history. Around the 1300's the Europeans weren't known for their cleanliness, their streets were littered with garbage, and even their own excrement. This gave home to a number of rodents, one being rats and the fleas that they carried. This plague caused flu-like symptoms such as coughing, fever, chills that later evolved into painful blisters around the body and caused people to cough up blood, more than 50 million people died. -
1200 BCE
Beginnings to exploration: "Olmecs"
The Olmec's were the first advanced civilizations in North America. They resided along the coast of the gulf of Mexico and have provided influences that will spread into later civilizations such as the Aztecs and the Mayans. They were a religion based culture, they practiced sacrifice, offerings, pyramids and their most popular ball-game. Yet their most significant accomplishment was advancement agriculture. They succeeded in growing plants such as beans, corn and squash that grew their economy. -
753 BCE
The Beginnings to exploration: "Rome"
Rome made an impact not only on Europe, but influenced the western world. As legend goes, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus the sons of mars, which led Romulus as the first ruler but Rome only rose as an empire under the rise and fall of Julius Ceaser. Rome gave birth to poets and writers such as Ovid, Livy and Virgil. The Roman language was the foundation for Latin, French and Spanish. The Romans made history with their creation of roads, aqueducts that are still used to this day. -
Period: 1 BCE to 1600 BCE
Beginnings to Exploration
This Era was only the beginning of civilizations, From the Mayas, Olmecs, Aztecs to the other end of the world that included Ancient Rome, and the Greeks. Many inventions, such as language, written, advancements in mathematics and architecture were only the stepping stones to modern day life.
(i'm not sure how to date the beginning.." -
1300
Beginnings to exploration: "The Renaissance"
The Renaissance or "Rebirth" was a turning point in history, it was the revival of interest in ancient Rome and Greece. This was a period of inventors, artist, writers,and architects, such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. Among them the printing press was invented, advances in philosophy to connect the past, present and future and most importantly the great interest in art. Pieces such as " The last supper", "The Creation of Adam, and "The Mona Lisa". -
1492
Beginnings to exploration: "The Colombian Exchange"
The beginning of "The Colombian Exchange" began when Christopher Columbus sets sail and "discovers" the new world (The Bahamas) on August 21st, 1492. This later caused a chain reaction of explorers sent by their home countries to claim new lands. Mainly the Spanish conquistadors, discovering new riches, and foods from the Incan,and Aztec empires such as potatoes, pumpkin, corn and turkey to the new world and grains, livestock and even disease to the old world such as the devastating small pox -
Oct 15, 1492
Early Colonial Society: "Tobacco"
Tobacco was first discovered in Mesoamerica and South America, but was introduced to Europe when Christopher Columbus set foot on the islands of the Bahamas.The leaves were first given as a gift from the natives, the Europeans noticed the natives were smoking the leaves through a pipe. Soon many Europeans began to be interested in the medical qualities of Tobacco, it was used to cure migraine headaches and joint pain. It wasn't long when research determined that tobacco had damaging effects. -
1500
Colonial America: "The Middle Passage
The triangular trade was a trade route going from the new world to Europe then to Africa and then back to the Americas. The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. The slaves were packed into ships that sailed across the Atlantic, the slave trade was crucial for southern development in agriculture. -
Period: 1500 to
English Colonial Societies
The start of the colonization of the New World sparked by Christopher Columbus only to be followed by countries like Spain, Britain, and France. The most successful being Britain with what we know now as the original 13 colonies, and the birth of a young nation. This is an Era of Law, and forms of government, and especially revolts and war. -
Period: 1500 to
Colonial America to 1763
Britain's new established colonies faced an era of ideas regarding art, religion and economy. They faced an era of enlightenment and the great awakening as the 2 major events that opened their minds to different ideologies, one other being the introduction of slavery which established the economy of the south. This new chapter was only the beginning of war. -
Period: to
The Constitution
After the American's victory of independence from Britain it was now time to establish rules and government for the young nation's people. Introductions to important ideals such as Articles of confederation, Federalist/ Anti-federalist ,State plans and The power of the 3 major branches legislative, Executive, and judiciary. -
English colonial societies: "Indentured Servitude"
After the colonization of Jamestown, the 30-years-war left the people of Europe without job. In turn, people sought out the opportunity of the new world. Over 2/3 of immigrants who came to the Americas were indentured servants. Indentured Servitude was different from slavery, there were laws in place to protect their rights. They worked for about 4-7 years to gain free passage to the new world, and were granted the luxury of housing, and freedoms. despite that, their life was not an easy one. -
English colonial societies: "Plymouth colony"
In 1620, 100 men and women from Europe were sent on board the Mayflower to establish colonies in the New World. Months after arriving to Plymouth Rock, over half of them died due to scurvy or other diseases. Many starved to death as the soil was not suited for growing crops, the pilgrims were not prepared for the harsh winters. Desperate they sought out the aid of the native people, most famous Squanto, who without this help would not be able to grow into a successful colony later in 1643. -
Early Colonial Society: "Squanto"
Tisquantum, or more commonly known as Squanto, Acted as a interpreter and guide for the pilgrims. Around 1614, it was believed that Squanto was captured by an English explorer Thomas Hunt; Where he grew knowledge of the English Language. He was sold into slavery and escaped to return back to Chatham, Massachusetts on 1619. He taught the pilgrims how to catch fish and grow crops on the sandy soil. After the success of their first winter they held a celebration, that is now known as thanksgiving. -
Early Colonial Society: "Anne Hutchinson"
Anne Hutchinson was born in England, July 1591; she was a mother to 14 children and followed a puritan group led by John Cotton. Anne Hutchinson often had "visions" of god, and she spoke out against the religious leaders, John Cotton and John Winthrop. She held biweekly meetings at her home that attracted 60 people. Cotton and Winthrop did not like the idea of competition over the colonist loyalty, that she was charged of heresy and banished from the colony, She died in an Indian raid . -
Colonial America: "Sir Issac Newton"
Sir Issac Newton was born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe,England. He was the son of a farmer, but his education allowed him to attend school at Cambridge University. He studied Classical Curriculum, and graduated with a masters of arts. He discovered the first reflective telescope, and later took over the mathematics department at Cambridge. He discovered how and what causes motion, and gravity. Most commonly known as Newton's first, second and third law. -
The American Industrial Revolution: "Slave Codes"
Slaves escaping into the south became an issue, the north did not want to raise tensions between the south, which they established the slave codes. The slave codes were state laws established to determine the status of slaves and the rights of their owners. Slave codes placed harsh restrictions on slaves' already limited freedoms, often in order to preempt rebellion or escape, and gave slave owners absolute power over their slaves. -
Early Colonial Society: "Glorious Revolution"
Also known as "The bloodless revolution", occurred when King James the second issues a "declaration of indulgence" suspending penal laws against Dissenters and recusants. Soon in 1688, he ordered a second declaration, which soon caused people to petition against him. King James was overthrown by William Orange and his allies, ultimately strengthening British parliament and weakening British monarchy. -
Early Colonial Society: "Salem Witch Trials"
The beginning of the village of Salem's problems occurred when a group of girls claimed to be possessed by the devil. They pointed their fingers at people in the village that would be most convincing. Hysteria grew rapidly in the village, demanding the supposed witches be put through a trial. Those who were accused would rather admit to their crimes, despite being untrue, the punishment was far less greater. But those who did not want to tarnish their names carried their innocence to the grave. -
Colonial America: "Slave rebellions"
Rebellions were consistent in slavery, acts varied from faking illness, sabotage, and poor work. Almost all of slave revolts failed, Nat Turners rebellion being one exception. Most common, was the use of the underground railroad, slaves would run off preferably at night and use only the stars to navigate them north. Along the way there would be safe houses, where whites would help hide them and provide them with food and rest. Most who made it however would often return back to the south. -
Colonial America: "Militias"
Militias were first established in early america due to the lack of protection from natives and Britain. Each colony had their own militias, they were often made of white men ages 18-40. The colonies had their own laws put in place for their militias, none of them had proper training only the will to protect their colony. One of the most famous of militias, Were the minutemen. They were infamous for responding to any threat in less than a minute. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
Around this time regions of the united states were distinguished by religion, culture, economic, social and political standards. The North distinguished by factories, textiles and Abolitionism. The South a agricultural based economy, and a pro slavery ideals. And finally the north west is mainly a mining economy. -
Period: to
New Republic
This Time span main points were the establishment of parties, George Washington is now appointed the first president of the united states. Republican, and democratic parties arose as 2 competing forms of government. As well as on going issues with Britain regarding harassment on their ships, resulted in the introduction of treaties. -
Colonial America: "Lower South"
As a Slave, Being threatened to be sold lower south was petrifying. The economy of the lower south was based on labor of slaves. The plantations were bigger and the weather was much hotter then further north. The plantations grew cotton, indigo, and rice as its main staple for exports. As demand grew for high fashion clothing, the invention of the cotton gin sped up the process, increasing the demand for slave labor. -
West Ward Expansion: "Stephen F. Austin"
Born on November 3rd 1793, was born in Virginia but at an early age he moved west. There is where he fell in love with the lands of Texas and began to study law to become a lawyer. Stephen F. Austin's is best known and loved for being the "Father of Texas", he was the administrator who played a key role in the succession of Texas from Mexico. He died December 27th, 1836. -
Colonial America: "Treaty of Paris - 1763"
The treaty of Paris was the document that ended the French-American war between France and Britain. The terms of the treaty resulted in the favor of America/Britain, France had to give up all land in the New world to eliminate all threats to the British Colonies. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War 1763-1783
One of the most important time spans in American History is the American Revolution, it was the beginning of american patriotic spirit and a sense of freedom. No longer were they going to submit to Britain rules,the amount of acts passed against them as punishment were no longer going to fly it was time for independence. -
The Revolutionary War: "Revenue/Sugar Act"
The Sugar act was passed as a modified version of the previous sugar act that imposed a greater tax on sugar and molasses. Due to corruption, Merchants were able to get away from paying the taxes before but this tax sparked an outrage from the colonist. In response, Britain passed the "Revenue act of 1766" in conjunction with the "Free port act" that increased the federal income tax. This only Stirred the pot for future conflict. -
The Revolutionary War: "Stamp Act"
After the seven years war with France, Britain was left was stricken. They lacked the funds to provide for their troops, in turn they imposed a stamp act on the British Colonies. The stamp act imposed a tax on printed goods/paper, including Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, and even playing cards. Almost immediately, the colonist protested the act, but Britain argued as their mother country they must conform. Colonist formed a secret society known as the "The sons of Liberty" -
The Age of Jackson: "Andrew Jackson"
Born on March 15th 1767, his father died when he was born and was raised by his widowed mother. Along with his brothers he joined the Revolutionary war when he was 13, he was captured by the British and that was when his hatred kindled. He was the general of the war of 1812 and succeeded in defeating the British. He was a national hero, and was even appointed at the 7th president of the United states. He died on June 8th, 1837. -
The Age of Jackson: "John Quincy Adams"
Born July 11th, 1767, His first career was as a minister in the Netherlands and in Persia under his fathers Administration, John Adams. Later he served as the Massachusetts state senate and U.S, senate, Adam's played a key role in determining the president’s foreign policy, including the famous Monroe Doctrine. He later became president in 1824 and served only one term. He died in 1848. -
The Revolutionary War: "Boston Massacre"
From the beginning of the arrival of British troops, and the passing of the "Quartering Act", only caused growing tensions between the colonist and Britain. A squad of British soldiers, came to support a sentry who was being pressed by a crowd of people throwing rocks covered in snow. In response, 5 people were killed by Captain Thomas Preston and 8 troops; they were all tried for manslaughter. The Boston Massacre only motivated to colony to rise for a patriot cause. -
The Revolutionary War: "Coercive Act"
Also known as the Intolerable act, was passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston tea party and other protest. The act closed all British ports and restricted trading until the owner of the tea was compensated. In town meetings were banned, and the British Commander was appointed governor of Massachusetts. This infuriated the colonist, resulting in boycotting and conveying the first continental Congress . -
Colonial America: "George Washington's role"
George Washington is most known for being the first president of the united states. He served not only 2 terms as president but also Commander Chief of the Continental army. He was born and raised in colonial Virginia, and was a son of a successful planter. He later fought in the French-American war, He rose as a national hero. He was voted into office and wrote the U.S. Constitution. 3 years later after he left office, he died on his plantation. -
The Revolutionary War: "Guerrilla Warfare"
Guerrilla Warfare is an ancient fighting technique, but was first introduced to the Colonial Americans by the Apache Indians. Compared to the British fighting techniques, guerrilla warfare was evidently very useful for the Americans. They would hide in the woods, and wait for the redcoats to ambush them. Often, they would aim for the Redcoat Officers to limit communication. -
The Revolutionary war: "July 4th"
After several years of enduring the constant pushing from British Parliament, the colonist entered in a Revolutionary war with Britain; Ultimately, resulting in American victory. Although contrary to popular belief, July 4th isn't the date of American independence from Britain. It was the date the Declaration of independence was approved by Continental Congress. Copies of the declaration were printed out and passed around the colonies, so no one forgot July 4th. -
The Age of Jackson: "Henry Clay"
Born on April 12th, 1777, Henry Clay was probably one of the most hated politicians due to his elaborate scheming. He was the leader of the Whig Party and played a central role in politics for over 40 years.Clay was called ‘the Great Compromiser’ because he played a major role in formulating the three landmark sectional compromises of his day: the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Tariff Compromise of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850. He lost 5 presidential elections, he died in June 29th 1852. -
The Revolutionary Wars: " Battle of Sara toga"
American's tirelessly against the British, they fought through major set backs from losses at the battle of Brandy wine and the fall of Philadelphia to the British. The British army lost 84% of their troops, the success of the battle encouraged France to combine forces with the american colonies. The victory ended up being the turning point of the revolutionary war. -
Sectionalism: "Whitfield Scott"
Scott was one of the most important American military figures of the early 19th century. In 1821, he wrote “General Regulations for the Army,” the first comprehensive, systematic set of military bylaws that set standards for every aspect of the soldier’s life. Named commanding general of the U.S. Army in 1841, Scott unsuccessfully ran for president as the Whig Party nominee in 1852. His Civil War tactics were originally derided, but eventually became part of the Union’s successful strategy. -
The Age of Jackson: " Davy Crockett"
Born on August 17th 1786, Davy Crockett was the 5th child out of 9 children to John and Rebecca Crockett. He learned to fire a rifle when he was 8, He participated in the massacre of the Creek Indians. Later in his life he earned a spot in the 21st U.S. Congress and was reelected twice. He left congress and fought in the revolutionary war, and most famously at the Battle of the Alamo. Where bravely fought and died against the Mexican Army. -
The Constitution: "Shay's Rebellion"
Shay's rebellion is known as the "first american civil war". The cause of the rebellion was due to the increase of tax imposed by the State governments and Continental congress in order to pay off the damages done by the American Revolution. Poor farmers often could not pay these taxes and lost their land. Hence the Eruption of Shay's rebellion led by Daniel Shay; Farmers joined him. -
The Constitution: "Virginia Plan"
The "Virginia Plan" also known as the "Large state plan" was a proposal for the bicameral legislative branch. The Virginia plan offered two houses of legislature: a lower house- house of representatives; a upper house- lower house elects upper, and wanted a population based representation. Larger states preferred this plan. -
The Constitution: "Anti Federalist Papers"
The works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. Starting on 25 September 1787 and running through the early 1790s, these anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution.The Federalist Papers, these works nonetheless played an important role in shaping the early American political landscape and in the passage of the US Bill of Rights. -
The New Republic: "Bill of Rights"
The Bill of Rights was first imposed around 1787-1788, It is one of the most important documents in American history along side the declaration of independence and the constitution. Although the Bill was not always supported, the bill of rights protected basic human rights of all citizens of the United States. A total of 10 amendments were established from the bill of rights, some being freedoms of speech, religion, and rights to a jury. -
The Constitution: " The Connecticut Plan"
The Connecticut plan or also known as the Great compromise of 1787, is the result of compromise and agreement among small and large states.The plan was proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth. The states agreed on Modern day congress, bi-cameral legislature, House of representatives- based on population, and a senate. -
The Constitution: "New Jersey Plan"
The New Jersey Plan, also known as the small state plan was offered by William Paterson on June 15, 1787. This plan offered a modified version of the articles of confederation, a single legislature, executive elected by congress, and a less powerful judiciary. The smaller states prefer this plan, ultimately this plan lost. -
The Constitution: "Northwest Ordinance"
The North West Ordinance was adopted by Congress as a method of admitting new states from the union. It was meant to establish new states orderly and calmly without issue, this included the entire Midwest located east of the Mississippi River. The Ordinance laid out the process on how to apply for statehood, the requirements : a population of 60,000 and create a constitution. -
The Constitution: "The Great Debate"
The Great debate was a disagreement between the articles of confederation between the federalist and the anti-federalist. The federalist, led by Alexander Hamilton, Argued the constitution didn't need a bill of rights as it would create a "parchment barrier". The Anti-Federalist, feared a stronger government and completely opposed the constitution. In the end the federalist won the debate. -
Cultural Changes: "Lucritia Mott"
Born January 3rd, 1793, Lucritia Mott was a Quaker, and adopted anti-slavery views, as she believed everyone was equal. She formed a women's anti slavery society in 1833 and was later one of the founders of the first women's rights movement in America. She argued for equal job and education opportunities and After helping to establish Swarthmore College in 1864, she served as head of the American Equal Rights Association. She later died on November 11th 1880. -
West Ward Expansion: "Sam Houston"
Born on March 2nd 1793, in Virginia, He became a lawyer, Congressmen and senator in Tennessee. Later he moved to Texas where he joined the battle between Mexico and Texas settlers. He was mostly known for being the commander of the local army, He trained men and defeated the Mexican army and captured general and dictator Santa Ana. He served 2 terms as the president of the republic of Texas. He later died on July 26, 1863. -
West Ward Expansion: "Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana"
Santa Ana led a revolution against Emperor Agustín I in 1823, aided Vicente Guerrero before revolting against him, and then helped Anastasio Bustamante to power, only to turn against him. Santa Ana is most known as the dictator and general that led the Mexican military against the Texans. He successfully managed success in the battle of the Alamo And Goliad, until later that year Sam Houston defeated Santa Ana in the Battle of Santa Jancinto. He died on June 21st 1876. -
The New Republic: " Pickney's treaty"
Spanish and U.S. negotiators concluded the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also known as Pinckney’s Treaty, on October 27, 1795. The treaty was an important diplomatic success for the United States. It resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control -
The New Republic: "Jay's Treaty"
Since the end of the Revolutionary war between America and Britain, tensions were still at an all time high. The Americans had issues with trading as Britain blocked off their ports, while British imports flourished. Secondly, the increase of native american attacks on American civilizations, and finally, Britain Impressment. Meaning they would seize american ships and take american hostages. The treaty meant peace between the both countries. -
The New Republic: "Whisky Rebellion"
The Whiskey rebellion arose when the farmers felt the government abused their power, and raise taxes on crops like corn,rye and grain. As a result, farmers often distilled their grains as it was easier to ship and preserve. George Washington attempted to resolve the matter peacefully, however protest became violent. Around 400 protesters went out and set fire to the house of ,John Neville, the regional tax collection supervisor. -
The New Republic: "XYZ Affairs"
The XYZ affair, was an incident between the United States and France. After the Americans was trying to prevent war against Britain they resulted in signing "Jay's Treaty". One of the negotiations was that America had to limit trade between countries that were hostile towards Britain. France responded by capturing american ships,and making outrageous demands. President John Adams, released all letters of the american diplomats replacing the names of the french to X,Y,Z. -
The Age of Jefferson: "Technological Benefits of the war of 1812"
After the war of 1812, Advancements in technology took place not only to improve the economy but the protection of the United States. The American Navy grew in power and even surpassed the Britain navy which was the most strongest at the time. The Cotton Gin was invented around this time, which sped up the process of picking cotton and boosted the south's economy. Fire arms became even more deadly, and Steam engines were invented. -
The American Industrial Revolution: "Changes In Agriculture"
The biggest changes occurred in the South with the economy that relied heavily on agriculture. One of their advances was the Iron plow, Before they used a wooden plow but it kept breaking. The iron plow allowed to dig into tough soil. And most importantly, the invention of the cotton gin. It was the invention that sparked Southern economy, It sped up the process of removing the seeds from the cotton, and creating a demand for more slaves. -
The American Industrial Revolution: "Changes in Transportation"
Many changes in transportation occurred in the 1800's. Railroads was the most effective, railroads spread across the nation as it was fast and cheap in sending goods. Another success was the creation of canals, It made shipping goods alot faster, ships no longer had to go around an entire continent. The least successful creation were the steam boats as they were expensive and was out shined by its contenders. -
The American Revolution: "Growing cities"
The economy at the time was at an all time high, cities such as New York, Massachusetts etc. were growing, and new job opportunities arose. People migrated from the rural to cities to make money and find their fortune,But this was not the case for everybody. Many people left literally everything behind, and did not make much money creating slums. Most jobs involved factories and textiles. -
The American Industrial Revolution: "Slavery"
Slavery didn't start in the new world, it has existed for many many years. The North did not depend on slaves for their economy as it mostly consisted of textiles, and factory work. The south on the other hand was more suitable for growing crops, which required manual labor. Hence the introduction of slavery. Black Slaves were not seen as equal to whites, they were treated like cattle, and disregard for their culture and families. -
The American Industrial Revolution: "Racial Tensions"
Many people believed the North accepted blacks, in fact they disliked them as much as the people in the south. As the Civil war was fought and won, many whites absolutely hated the idea of black men being equal to white men. They often went on violent sprees beating up black people, setting fires to their homes and even murdering them. The freeing of slaves even led to the death of Abraham Lincoln. -
The American Revolution: "Changes in Communication"
During the industrial revolution it birthed communication advances. Printing became much more faster and efficient in delivering news to the public. The telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse, in the 1840's, was completely revolutionary. People, especially used by the military, were able to communicate with each other across the nation with a series of electrical signals. This eliminated the use of hand delivered messages. -
Sectionalism: "Underground railroad"
The Underground Railroad was a network of people offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves. The exact dates of its operation are not known, but it operated anywhere from the late 18th century to the Civil War. The Underground Railroad was formed as a convergence of various clandestine efforts at the time. Unfortunately, Making it north did not mean you were safe, as often bounty hunters would hunt down escaped slaves for profit, but regardless it led many blacks to freedom. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
When in office Jefferson led the government with republican ideals, and added a new piece of land that doubled the size of the country. During this time it was hard to maintain American neutrality, as Jefferson strictly followed the constitution that didn't always make everyone happy. One of the important documents imposed was the judicial review, which gave more power to the judicial branch. Also the success of the war 1812. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some. -
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Cultural Changes
Around this time period series of important events took place, First being the Seneca Falls Convention, that opened up opportunities for women across the nation. The age of Transcendentalism, rose as a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. s a belief advanced by some Christian denominations that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur on Earth in which "Christ will reign" -
The New Republic: " Marbury Vs. Madison"
William Marbury was appointed a justice of peace for the district of Columbia in the final hours of John Adams presidency but when came time for Marbury to be appointed, James Madison, refused to deliver Marbury's commission. The case eventually reached to court, One of the significance of the case was the establishment of the judicial review when the court ruled that the constitution did not grant the court power to appoint Marbury. -
The New Republic: "Judicial Review"
During the court case of Marbury vs. Madision, the Supreme Court found that the act of congress was unconstitutional. The Judicial review was put in place, which meant the court could review any law or action to see if it was constitutional. Without the Judaical review, the legislative branch would be free to pass any law without regard of it being constitutional or not. -
Period: to
West Ward Expansion
westward expansion was the key to the nation’s health: He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms. (“Those who labor in the earth,” he wrote, “are the chosen people of God.”) In order to provide enough land to sustain this ideal population of virtuous yeomen, the United States would have to continue to expand. -
The Age of Jefferson: "The Louisiana Purchase"
France being a war stricken country was low in money, so to compensate they offered the Louisiana territory to America. Scared that Napoleon would withdraw their offer, they bought 828,000 acres of land that doubled the size of the young nation for about 15 million dollars. The purchase was important not only because it doubled the size of America but because they gained access and control over the Mississippi river. -
The Age of Jefferson: "Sacajawea"
Born May 1788, Sacajawea was born into a native tribe known as the Shoshone. When she was 12 she was captured by a enemy tribe and was made the wife of a Canadian- american trapper. On November ,1804 she was invited to join the Lewis and Clark expedition. She served as a symbol of peace and prevented harm from any other tribes. She guided the expedition showing which plants and berries were edible, and was even able to reunite with her family among the Shoshone tribe. -
The Age of Jefferson: "Lewis and Clark"
After the new addition of the Louisiana purchase, now America had about 828,000 acres of unexplored land. Appointed by Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, a cartographer and William Clark, A nature expert, were tasked with the job to hold an expedition that last about 2 1/2- 3 years. They made new discoveries from plants, to animals, such as, Bagers, Beavers, tobacco, etc. Lewis and Clark would have not have been successful without Sacajawea. -
The New Republic: "12th Amendment"
The 12th amendment was added to the Constitution on June 15th, 1804. This amendment would provide a way on how to elect future presidents and vice presidents of America, which is known as the electoral college. Instead of casting 2 votes for president, now everyone has to vote for a president and a vice president. This prevented clashing of the 2 different parties. -
Sectionalism: "Franklin Pierce"
Born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, in 1804, Pierce attended Bowdoin College. After graduation he studied law, then entered politics. At 24 he was elected to the New Hampshire legislature; two years later he became its Speaker. During the 1830's he went to Washington, first as a Representative, then as a Senator. Franklin Pierce became 14th President of the United States at a time of apparent tranquility. -
West Ward Expansion: "Robert E. Lee"
Born on January 19th, 1807, Robert E. Lee, was born in Virginia, the fifth child of Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, who fought and gained fame from the Revolutionary war. Lee was no stranger to war, he fought in battles of Veracruz, Churubusco, and Chapultepec and gained recognition as " one of the best soldier's to ever be on the field" He is most popularly known as the General of the Confederate army. Because of his strong tactics he fought against the union with many victories. -
The Age of Jefferson: "Embargo Act of 1807"
The Embargo Act of 1807 was President Thomas Jefferson's way to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while 2 nations were at war with each other. The act forbade american ships and goods to leave american ports but only the exports to the vessels apart of the coastal trade.Instead of hurting their initial targets it ended up hurting them more, resulting in the act to be repealed. -
West Ward Expansion: "William B. Travis"
Born August 1st 1809, William B. Travis was born in South Carolina practicing to be law to become a lawyer before marrying Rosanna Cato. After his failed marriage, he read the news about the tensions between Texas and Mexico and went down to join the fight. He went to the Alamo with 30 other men before he found himself in charge after the original commander left to care for his family. He died willingly during the Battle of the Alamo on March 6th, 1836 -
Cultural Changes: "Elizabeth Cady Santon"
Born on November 12th, 1815, Elizabeth Cady Santon was a 19th century suffragist and civil rights activist; She later became involved in the abolitionist movement. Santon was best known for her involvement in the world's first women's rights convention, which kick started the beginning of women right's awareness. Santon's efforts later resulted in the addition of the 19th amendment allowing all citizens to finally vote. She died October 26, 1902, New York . -
Cultural Changes: "Temperance Movement"
The Temperance movement was one of the most successful in U.S. history gaining support from church women to feminist, from free thinkers to fundamentalist. The movement was successful due to women focused on the protection of families, and the abuse from their husbands. The movement was so influential the 14th amendment band the production and use of alcohol but later failed. -
Cultural Changes: "Second Great Awakening"
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. -
Cultural Changes: "Mormons"
On April 6, 1830, Smith and some like-minded colleagues established the Church of Christ, soon to be known by today`s title, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Missouri Mormons had settled in a town called Far West in the northern part of the state, following their expulsion from Independence in 1834. Mobs assaulted the Mormons at several of their communities in the fall of 1838. They submitted and left to prevent further issues. -
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The Age of Jackson
The Jackson Era, running from around 1820 to 1845, was a time of rampant growth and regional diversification. World views and ways of living changed as quickly as in the 20th century. Transportation was revolutionized and the foundation of a manufacturing economy was laid. -
The Age of Jefferson: "Missouri Crisis"
Times leading up to the Missouri Compromise tensions between slave and anti slave states were at an all time high across the country. When Missouri requested to be admitted to the union as a slave state, it caused a danger of causing an imbalance to the already slave states and free states. So, to please everyone they granted Missouri's request while also admitting Maine as a free state. It also established an imaginary line between separating the free and slave states. -
Sectionalism: "Harriet Tubman"
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in Maryland, she escaped to freedom to the north around 1849. She is most commonly known for being the leading "conductor" helping many black slaves to freedom. She risked her life, helping over 100's of slaves, and even served the union army as a spy. After the Civil War ended, Tubman dedicated her life to helping impoverished former slaves and the elderly. She later died on March 10th, 1913. -
The Age of Jefferson: " The Monroe Doctrine"
The Monroe doctrine was presented by John Quincy Adams, after the independence of Spanish colonies from Spain. The fear that Spain and Britain would try to reclaim and establish new colonies in America caused the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine stated that no foreign powers would be able to cross their borders to establish anymore civilizations, which provide to be a success. -
The Civil War: "George McClellan"
George McClellan was born on December 3, 1826, into an elite family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. McClellan made the decision to enter military service at age 15, He was most known for briefly serving as the General for the union army. He was not particularly favored by Abraham Lincoln due to his failures at defeating the confederate army, his cautious antics got him removed of his position, but eventually served as the governor of New Jersey. -
The Age of Jackson: "Election of 1828"
The Election of 1828 was one of the most unique as nominations were no longer made by Congressional caucuses, but by conventions and the state legislatures. The election was between John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson, the beginning of personal attacks in political debates. Adams was accused of misusing public funds on gambling devices but attacks on Jackson were more malicious. His wife was accused of adultery and was not officially divorced from her former husband. In the end Jackson won. -
The Civil War: "Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain"
Born in Brewer, Maine in 1828, Chamberlain was the eldest of five children born to Joshua and Sarah Brastow Chamberlain. The studious Lawrence Chamberlain graduated from Bowdoin College in 1852 where he was a student of Calvin Stowe, He is most popular for his success in the battle of Gettysburg where gained notoriety for their desperate bayonet charge down Little Round Top on the Second Day of the Battle. He died on February 24th, 1918 -
Age of Jackson: "Death of Jackson's Wife"
During the election of 1828, Many personal attacks were made on Jackson's personal life regarding his wife Rachel. She was accused of adultery as he divorce with her previous husband had not yet been finalized. After Jackson returned from Washington, Rachel's health began to decline, her condition effected her heart and lungs. Rachel's death devastated Jackson, he devoted his life to making everyone who made fun of his wife a living hell. -
The Age of Jackson: "Trail of Tears"
In the 1800's America was growing at a rapid pace, People protested their presents due to allegations of Indian raids on farms. In the 1830's Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, He paid the natives to move west on reserved Indian territory. The Indians walked about 1,000 miles, and endured harsh weather, treatment and illness. Around 4,000 people died on the trail of tears hence its name. -
The Civil War: "John Wilkes Booth"
John Wilkes Booth was born on May 10th,1838 in Bel Air Maryland, at the age of 17 he begun his acting career. Booth was pro-slavery, secret confederate spy who hated President Abraham Lincoln. He has the title of "Lincolns's Assassin", In March of 1865, his attempt to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln failed. On April 14, 1865, he assassinated Lincoln at Ford Theater. Booth was killed on April 26, 1865, in Port Royal, Virginia. -
Westward Expansion: "Manifest Destiny"
Manifest destiny was the idea of America owning the land from coast to coast; Atlantic to the Pacific ocean; As it was God's will. The term it self originated around the 1840's, American's stopped at nothing to make it a reality from the removal of Indians to engaging into war with Mexico. Around the end of 18th century it was finally accomplished with the addition of the Gadsden purchase(?) -
Sectionalism: "California Gold Rush"
the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the Gold Rush, arguably, As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area; by the end of 1849, the non-native population of the California territory was some 100,000. A total of $2 billion worth of precious metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush, which peaked in 1852 -
West Ward Expansion: "Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago"
The treaty of Guadalupe Hildago officially ended the Mexican-American war with United States victory. The treaty added over 520,000 acres of land to the U.S that is now all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as The border between Texas and Mexico. -
Cultural Changes: " Seneca falls convention"
in Seneca Falls, N.Y., a woman’s rights convention–the first ever held in the United States–with almost 200 women in attendance. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. As women, Mott and Stanton were barred from the convention floor, and the common indignation that this aroused in both of them was the impetus for their founding of the women’s rights movement in the United States -
Sectionalism: "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
Originally published on March 20th 1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin is one of the most influential books to be published around the civil war. The Novel was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, an anti-slavery activist, she published the book exposing the truths and the horrors of the south and slavery. Despite being banned in the South it was the best seller in the 19th century. -
Sectionalism: "Harper's Ferry"
On October 16, 1859 John Brown, a staunch abolitionist, and a group of his supporters left their farmhouse hide-out en route to Harpers Ferry. Descending upon the town in the early hours of October 17th, Brown and his men captured prominent citizens and seized the federal armory and arsenal. Brown had hopes that the local slave population would join the raid and through the raid’s success weapons would be supplied to slaves and freedom fighters throughout the country; this was not to be. -
Cultural Changes: "Asylums"
Asylums in history didn't hold the best reputation as they do now. They were built to care for the mentally disabled, and even those hurt physically and mentally from war. Over crowding became a problem, to solve the issue they resulted in cramming 3-4 people in one room; rumors of assaulting and using special "treatment" on the patients spread. They depended largely on the income from rich families who paid to have their mentally disabled cared for. Acts were passed to prevent this. -
Reconstruction: "Lincoln's 10% Plan"
Apart of Lincoln's plan of reconstruction to the south, he established the 10% plan. The plan purposed in order for the southern states to be readmitted 10 percent of the population must vote to swear allegiance to the union. and from their states can established new constitutions and a new state government. All southerners were pardoned but all high ranking officials and military officers were punished. -
The Civil War: "Trent Affairs"
The "Trent Affairs" was an incident that occurred between the United States and Britain on December 1861 during the civil war. The south was running low on supplies and sent 2 confederate envoys on a British mailing ship to plead for help from Britain. They were caught by the U.S. navy, Britain argued it was a violation of international law, regardless in the end, The north let go of the envoys and prevented conflict with Britain. -
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The Civil War
The Civil war changed many aspects of U.S. history regarding slavery, and government. At the end of the war in union victory the south had to submit tot union government ideals and admitting as free slave states. This also was a important time for women history as they took over male dominated jobs, and were essential to union victory. -
The Civil War:"20 Negro Law"
The South knew slave labor and plantations kept the economy going, when enforcing a draft they also imposed the "20 Negro Law", stating that if a plantation owner owed more than 20 slaves they would be excused from the draft., the law’s main purpose was meant to prevent unrest by slaves on the Confederate home front as the unsupervised slaves worried many farmers . -
The Civil War: "Draft Riots"
After the passing of the Conscription act that produced the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Both the North and South faced draft riots as the more wealthy citizens were able to pay off in order to prevent being enlisted, many of those who were drafted were poor and disproved the idea against their will. -
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Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party. During Radical Reconstruction, which began in 1867, newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces–including the KKK–would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South. -
The Civil War: "Gettysburg Address"
The Gettysburg Address is one of the most memorable and well written speeches in American history. Abraham was said to write the speech on the train ride to the event in honor of the Soldier’s National Cemetery, a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle Of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. The speech was so well received it quite literally left everyone speechless, which led Lincoln to believe it was one of the worst speeches he's ever written. -
Reconstruction: "13th Amendment"
One of the significant and important outcomes that benefited slaves was the addition of the 13th amendment. The 13th amendment meant the abolishment of slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, and that congress has the power to enforce this law. -
Reconstruction: "KKK"
Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders.its primary goal–the reestablishment of white supremacy– -
Reconstruction: "Black Friday Scandal"
On September 24, 1869, the U.S. financial sector descended into chaos after rebel speculators Jay Gould and Jim Fisk attempted to corner the nation’s gold market. The robber barons hoped to make a mint by driving the price of gold into the stratosphere, and to help pull it off, they built a network of corruption that extended from Wall Street and all the way to the family of President Ulysses S. Grant. The conspiracy finally unraveled. -
Reconstruction: "Credit Moblier Scandal"
The Crédit Mobilier scandal of 1872-1873 damaged the careers of several Gilded Age politicians. Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Crédit Mobilier of America, and gave it contracts to build the railroad. They sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen. -
Reconstruction: "Whiskey Ring Scandal"
The Whiskey Ring Scandal erupted soon after the beginning of Grant's second presidential term in. It concerned a conspiracy of distillers to bribe government officials and to defraud the government of the excise taxes on liquor. The Whiskey Ring conspiracy was public knowledge but it was considered impenetrable because of the strong political connections. Benjamin Bristow resolved to break the conspiracy and in May, 1875 he succeeded in his goal and charges were brought against the conspirators. -
Reconstruction: "Jim Crow"
Jim Crow Laws were statutes and ordinances established between 1874 and 1975 to separate the white and black races in the American South. In theory, it was to create "separate but equal" treatment, but in practice Jim Crow Laws condemned black citizens to inferior treatment and facilities. Education was segregated as were public facilities such as hotels and restaurants under Jim Crow Laws. In fact, the United States military was segregated until integrated by Harry S. Truman after World War II.
