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The Hapsburgs had ruled the longest in Europe, and added almost duble the territory to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
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People started having revolts against the Ottoman Empire, hoping to set up individual states.
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The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation, but they were ruled by the Austrian Hapsburgs and were only linked ny ethnicity and speech.
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Nationalist revolts call for a unified nation.
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Nationalists in Venice took over an arsenal and established the Republic of Venice. This didn't last long though, for Venice fell back under Austrian rule.
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The Risorgimento, or Italian nationalist movement, go to the kingdom of Sardinia, hoping to unify them.
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King Victor Emmanuel II appoints Count Camillo Cavour as Prime Minister.
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Camillo Cavour formed a secret allaince with France.
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Cavour provoked war with Austria, and defeated them with France's help.
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Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy.
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King William I of Prussia makes Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia.
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Bismarck forms an alliance between Prussia and Austria.
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Bismarck invades Denmark, won, then split Schleswig and Holstein between Prussia and Austria. Prussia got Schleswig, while Austria got Holstein.
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Bismarck attacks Austria, taking the land of Holstein for Prussia.
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Ferenc Deak was a Hungarian leader who created the new political power, the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
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Bismarck provokes war with France. France suffered a massive defeat and this war proved that Germany was the new big power in Europe.
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In January, Germany was officially united as the 2nd Reich.
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Bismarck started to wage political war with the Catholic Church.
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Kaiser William I appointed Bismarck to Chancellor.
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Bismarck's political war against the Catholic Church failed and the Catholics stood behind the church even more, so Bismarck gave up.
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Kaiser William 1 died.
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William I grandson, William II, becomes the new Kaiser.
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Kaiser William II asked Bismarck to step down instead of being fired.