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This includes the following groups: Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites and Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Phonicians
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More than 12000 years ago, hunter- gatherer groups settled in Mesopotamia.
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Hieroglyphics, and Egyptian writing system, was either carved on Rosetta Stone or other materials like papyrus.
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in about 3100 BC, the first pharaoh, Menes, rose to power and united Egypt. His rule started the first dynasty.
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By 3200 BC, the villages came together and made two new kingdoms. One was called Upper Egypt and the other was called Lower Egypt.
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This included the Egyptians and the Kushites.
The Egyptian society included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. -
In 3000 BC, many Sumerians settled in Mesopotamia in a land they call Sumer
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In what I estimate to be 2890 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform; cuneiform is the first invention of writing. They wrote on clay tablets with a tool called a stylus
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In about 2700 BC, the third dynasty rose to power. That was the start of the Old Kingdom, that lasted from 2700 to 2200 BC.
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In the 2500s BC, Khufu ruled. He is best known for his monuments made for him. Although the legend says that he's cruel, the historical records say that the people who worked for hi were well fed.
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Archaeologists believed that Harappan civilization thrived from 2300 BC to 1700 BC. They developed along the Indus River. They had their own writing system and a strong government.
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This includes the ancient civilization of India and where the two major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, were adopted.
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According to ancient stories, Yu the Great founded the Xia dynasty by 2200 BC. The people cooperated and worked together.
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By 2200 BC, the Old Kingdom fell. For 150 years, nobles fought for power and there continued to be no central ruler. By around 2050 BC, Mentuhotep ll became pharaoh and united Egypt again; stability was restored and there was no longer an anarchy. Order and stability lasted until 1750 BC.
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Aryans invaded India from the west. Their arrival changed the region's civilization.
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In 1792 BC, Hammurabi became the king of Babylon and soon became the city's greater monarch. He was most famous for his code that had 288 different laws that relates to life we deal with everyday.
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Around 1700 BC, the Hyksos (people from Asia) invaded. The people of Egypt didn't enjoy their rule because they had to pay taxes and 200 years of slavery continued.
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This chapter includes the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasty.
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Ahmose kicked the Hyksos out and then invaded other countries. When he became ruler, the New Kingdom started.
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In 1500 BC, a pharaoh from Egypt conquered Nubia (Kush). Kush became part of Egypt and adopted Egyptian culture.
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Around 1100s BC, the Zhou dynasty began. It is the longest lasting dynasty out of the other dynasties in China. According to their political system , peasants or farmers with farms smaller than most, were at the bottom of the hierarchy.
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Piankhi ruled in Kush from about 751 BC to 716 BC. He was one of Kush's successful military leaders.
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At the age of 30, Siddhartha left his family and took off and wandered around India to look for the answers that he found missing in life. He fasted without food and meditated under a tree. After his meditation, he finally found the answers he was looking for.
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Upanishads were the final group of Vedic texts. These are religious reflections of the Vedas made by religious students and teachers.
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Jainism was based on a man name Mahavira, believed to be born in 599 BC
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Confucius was lived around 511- 479 BC. While he was growing up, he lived in poverty. After he achieved success, he became a teacher. His teachings influenced Chinese life.
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Around the late 500 BC, Siddhartha wasn't satisfied with Hinduism. As a result he asked many questions about life. Over the course of his life, he found answers. From that point on, he would be called the Buddha. After he found his answers, he created the Four Noble Truths.
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in 320 BC, Candragupta Maurya took control of the northern part of India. Mauryan rule lasted for 150 years.
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After Asoka died around 233 BC, the empire began o fall apart. In 184 BC, India divided into smaller states again when the last Mauryan king was killed.
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In 221 BC, Shi Huangdi succeeded in unifying China, beginning the Qin Dynasty.
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When Confucius died in 210 BC, China began to fall apart within a few years.
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After many years of fighting, Liu Bang's army won. He was the first peasant to become emperor.
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The Gupta dynasty took over India around AD 320. After they took over, India was united again.
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Around the late AD 400s, the Huns from Central Asia attacked and India was once again divided into smaller states.
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Sikhism contain roots it the teachings of Guru Nanak, who lived in the AD 1400s.
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The Sumerians used different ingredients from plants, animals, and minerals to make drugs for healing people. Many of their inventions survive till today
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In many countries, Polytheism is also practiced. Some people worship and pray to more than one god.
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Early civilizations in Mesopotamia planted crops and had a food surplus. People in the modern day still use irrigation to plant crops to produce food for the people.
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Our mordern laws were inspired by Hammurabi's Code.
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The Phoenicians developed one of the world's first alphabets. The alphabets we use today is based on the Phoenicians; it was modified by later civilizations.
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Until now, farmers all around the world plant crops in villages so people would have enough food to survive.
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The Egyptians had their own hierarchy. They believed that pharaohs were both a god and a king. Now in the modern day, people still have similar ranks around the world.
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Artisans from Egypt required advanced skills in art. Until now, people have to achieve certain levels to master art as a career
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The Egyptians invented papyrus, a long lasting material that looks like paper created from reeds. That was the first invention of paper. Until today, people today use paper in many different ways.
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Later Kushite trade grew. Even today, people trade goods from all around the world.
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In Ancient India, Sanskrit was the most important language. It is no longer spoken today, but it has the roots to many languages in South Asian languages.
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Even until today, even though the caste system is no longer used, people from India are still influenced by it.
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People today still believe in karma, by which your fate happens to you based on the good and bad you do.
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The religion of Buddhism is still used today. Branches, both Theravada and Mahayana still survive today. Mahayana has a bigger amount of followers.
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During the Qin Dynasty, the people created an irrigation system to make it easier for farming. Parts of that system is still used today.
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During the Han period, the doctors discovered the art of Acupuncture. It's even used until today.
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The first writing system started in the Shang dynasty. Many of them are similar to the current writing system in China. Their writing system is used in other countries as well; it influenced the system they use now.