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Matriarchal Societies
Power inherited through female lines of authority. -
Anne Hutchinson
Devout Puritan who was tried at a Mass Bay court for questioning church teachings. She said God spoke to her and was exiled to Rhode Island. -
Separate Spheres
Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and women's roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it. Not challenged greatly until the 1960's. -
Mother Ann
Had a vision that she was an incarnation of Christ & that Adam & Eve had been banished from the Garden of Eden because of their sexual lust; four years later she led a band of eight followers to America where they established a church near Albany, New York; because of the ecstatic dances that were part of their worship, the sect became known as "Shaking Quakers" or "Shakers"; when she died in 1784, the Shakers venerated her as the second coming of Christ -
Daughters of Liberty
Formal Patriot association formed to protest the Stamp Act. -
Republican Motherhood
An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Believed citizens should be to his country as a mother is to her child. Educated Women in virtue. -
2nd Great Awakening
The church began to appreciate women more, leading to higher memberships of females. Women were becoming more equal as women were given active roles in the faith and gospels were preached telling of female spiritual worth. This spiritual worth would eventually transform into real worth, women's suffrage, and equality. -
Lowell System
It was a paternalistic textile factory system that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity, and profits. Women's freedom was greatly restricted while factory leaders promised education and wages. -
Doretha Dix
A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual. -
Grimke Sisters
Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. -
Susan B. Anthony
Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, temperance, and abolitionist. Also helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. -
Declaration of Sentiments
A document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, 100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York, now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The document was the "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women." -
Seneca Falls Convention
Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. -
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870. -
Lucy Stone
American woman suffragist; she was a well-known and accomplished antislavery speaker who supported the women's rights movement. She was also the first woman to receive a college degree and the first to keep her maiden name. -
Maternalism
The idea that women had special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. It was a step between domesticity and the modern gender equality argument, and many women's groups used the ideology of maternalism to justify their formation. -
National Woman Suffrage Association
Was committed to more far-reaching institutional change. Eventually became the NAWSA. "Liberal." Susan B. Anthony. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. -
American Woman Suffrage Association
Was concerned almost exclusively with winning the ballot. AWSM (exclusively emphasized the right to vote). Eventually became the NAWSA. "Conservative." Included LUCY Stone -
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
This organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance. -
Frances E. Willard
This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do every thing" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work. -
Minor v. Happersett
Supreme Court stated that Virginia Minor could not vote because even though she was granted citizenship, it did not extend the right to vote- the 14th amendment did not add privileges to citizens. WOMEN CANT VOTE -
Hull House
One of the first and most famous social settlements, founded by Jane Addams and her companion Ellen Gates Starr in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhood on Chicago's West Side. -
Daughters of the American Revoltution
Celebrated the memory of Rev. War heroes. -
Ida B. Wells
An african american journalist outraged by southern lynchings. in her newspaper, "Free Speech," Wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She also called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores, despite death threats. -
Social Settlements
A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Social settlements became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era. Women generally led movement. -
Mary Lease
Became well known for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. -
National American Woman Suffrage Association
American women's rights organization was established by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Their efforts led to the Nineteenth Amendment: women's suffrage. -
Lillian Wald
She opened the Henry Street Settlement, which focused on the health of impoverished New Yorkers. -
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Extolled the South's "Lost Cost," The elite southern members shaped memory of the war by creating monuments, distributing Confederate flags, and school books that defended Confederacy and condemned Reconstruction. Maintained support for segregation and disenfranchisement. -
National Association of Colored Women
Founders of the NACW included Harriet Tubman, Frances E.W. Harper, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, and Mary Church Terrell. The NACW became involved in campaigns in favor of women's suffrage and against lynching and Jim Crow laws. They also led efforts to improve education and care for both children and the elderly. -
Women's Trade Union League
a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
NYC, greatest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry. -
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage
Organization founded by men and women who opposed women's suffrage; anti-suffragists believed that it would be expensive to add so many ballots to roles; wives votes would double their husband's votes or cancel them out; believed it would change women's roles as disinterested reformers; believed that women would be better off without the ballot; delayed women's passage of suffrage until after WWI -
Women's International League of Peace and Freedom
The WILPF was the largest women's peace group in the post-world war I and pre-world war II years. The organization was headed by Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch. This group was actually rather radical, since it called for an end to American economic imperialism. -
Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. -
Alice Paul
The founder of the National Women's party, she took a more militant approach to gaining the right to vote. She led women in mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the government of women's suffrage. -
Carrie Chapman Catt
Head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; influenced passing of 19th -
Flapper
Young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the roaring 20's. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom. -
19th Amendment
Extended women's right to vote in federal or state elections. -
Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act
Appropriated $1.25 million for well-baby clinics, educational programs, and visiting nurse projects; passed because politicians feared that if it did not go through, women would vote them out of office -
Rosie the Riveter
A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part in the wartime, but later became a symbol of women empowerment. -
Female Social Norms of the 1950's.
Depicted in popular culture, such as "Leave it to Beaver," females were regarded as homemakers and largely excluded from most professions. The norm emphasized traditional values. -
Women's Liberation Movement
It campaigned for equal rights on issues such as employment, marital relationships, and sexual orientation. Also known as "second wave feminism." -
Affirmative Action
a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities. -
Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
Reported widespread discrimination against women and recommended remedies. Proposed to JFK by Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson; chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt. -
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity." -
Equal Pay Act
It prohibited employers from paying unequally on the basis of gender. -
National Organization for Women
Founded by Betty Friedan, it focused on women's rights in the workplace and fought against legal and economic discrimination against women; Predominately lobbied for the Equal Pay Act. -
Phyllis Schlafly and the STOP ERA movement
A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. -
Bella Abzug and Shirley Chisholm
Congresswomen who worked with Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to make National Women's Political Caucus. -
National Women's Political Caucus
Established by Betty Frieden, encouraged women to seek help or run for political office. -
Equal Rights Amendment
Amendment that declared "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." -
Title IX
A part of the Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government. -
Roe v. Wade
All state laws prohibiting abortions were made unconstitutional based on a woman's right to privacy. -
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
-court upheld law from MO that prohibited public employees from performing abortions, unless life of mother threatened
-because of this decision, some states tried to create similar laws -
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Four of the original five conditions on abortions upheld -- Informed consent, 24 hour waiting period, parental consent for a minor, and the imposition of certain reporting info from abortion facilities. Spousal notification was overturned.