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George C. Marshall
-Throughout the war, general George C. Marshall acted as chief of staff and the "organizer of victory"
-He worked closely with president roosevelt to urge military preparedness before pearl harbor, built up and supplied an army of simillar men -
Benito Mussolini
-In Italy, Benito Mussolini developed a new type of political party and seized power
-By 1921, Mussolini established the Fascist party.
-Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals -
Joseph Stalin
-In USSR, Joseph Stalin whose cast name means "Man of Steel", took control of the country.
-Stalin focused on creating a model communist state. He moved both agricultural & industrial growth -
Adolf Hitler
-In Germany, Adolf Hitler had followed a path to power, similar to Mussolinis
-In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the nazi party
-Hitler quickly became the party's leader. he established a dictatorship as brutal or worse than stalins -
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Volunteerism of WW2
-Domestic: Homefront both girls & boys from white & African American schools participated.
-Physical fitness program, enroll in war-effort classes, volunteer one extracurricular wartime activity.
-Warfront efforts- was to prepare highschool students to aid in the war effort on the homefront & fronties. -
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Advance in Technology in WW2-Part C
-Torpedoes were used to destroy submarines & ships from long distance, b/c bullets couldn't go far & do a lot of damage
-Bombing Raids, were used to destroy anything in a certain area, such as factories that produce military equipment in WW2
-Wolf packs were German submarines that had mass-attack tactics against convoys. -
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Japan's war expansion
-Japan wished to replace european imperialism in asia with the imperialism of an asian power
-place and dates Japan invaded:
-manchuria 1937
-southern Indochina 1941 -
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Volunteerism in WW2 (Red Cross)
-Began Blood Donor services in America to produce lifesaving plasma for the Armed forces, served in Hospitals, produce emergency supplies, collected scraps, ran victory gardens, & maintained training programs -
Axis Alliance
-September 27, 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite pact, which became known as the Axis alliance.
-The axis powers had two common interests: 1) territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and the overthrow of the post-WWI international order.
2) The destruction or neutralization of soviet communism -
Rationing
-Controlled distribution of scarce resource & goods
-items were gasoline, tires, meat, butter, & jellies
-People had to use "Rationing goods" which were issued to each family based on its size -
German WW2
-At the beginning of the 1930's , Adolph Hitler is Nazi party exploited wide spread & deep-seated where discontent in Germany in Germany to extract popular & political support
-During the 1st three years of WW2 from when Sep.1939 through Nov.1939 a series of military victories permitted German domination of continent -
Allied Powers
-Allied powers were Great Britain, China, U.S. and soviet union
-They joined Allies b/c the Axis powers were attacking the world -
Pearl Harbor
Two waves of Japanese attack sank or severely damaged 18 US ships on the Air fields, more than 260 air planes were damaged or destroyed, while the attack killed or injured almost 6,000 Americans. -
Rosie The Riveter
-1945 nearly one out of every four married women worked outside the home, "Rosie the Riveter" , star of a government campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for munitions industry, become perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war -
War Bonds
-Way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation
-People would buy bonds & the gov. promised to return to them w/ interest after 10/yr or more
-Gov. needs the money to pay for war equipment -
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Code Talkers
-Nawajo code talkers played a key role in the pacific campaign
-The American military needed an undecipherable code that would not be known by the Japanese
-The Nawajo language is unwritten & extremely complex, American forces could transmit messages by telephone & radio in a code that Japanese were unable to break -
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WACS
-Women joined the new Women's Army Corps (WACS) after basic training most of these women took clerical jobs in the military
-Women replaced jobs formerly held by men, such as shipbuilding & aircraft production
-The idea was to have women fill jobs held by men to send more men to war -
Lend Lease Program
Purpose: Franklin Roosevelt introduced the lend lease program to congress. It was intended to help Britain beat back Hitlers advance while keeping America only indirect involved in WW2
Result: lend lease program provided for military did to any country whose defense was vital to the security of the united states -
Executive Order 9066
-US presidential executive order signed & issued during WW2, by FDR, authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese
-The attack on Pearl Harbor in Dec.7, 1941 led to growing suspicions largely by racism & fear about the loyalty of Japanese Army -
Victory Gardens
-As part of the war effort, the government rationed foods like sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, coffee, meat, & canned goods
-The government turned to its citizens & encourage them to plant " victory Gardens " -
WAVE
-Women accepted for volunteer emergency service (WAVES) was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel
-Waves could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft, & initially were restricted to mity in the Continental US at the end of WW2, there were 8,000 female officers -
Higgins Boat/ Nuclear Weapons
-Higgins boat was a landing craft used extensively in amphibious landing in WW2. The craft was designed by Andrew Higgins based on boats made for operating in swamps & marshes
-In July 16, 1945 president Harry Truman decided to use the atomic bomb against Japan. -
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U.S. officers of war information
-Control the content & imagery of war messages & make citizens aware of how they could help in the war effort
-Produce radio programs, news reels, asked citizens to contribute time & money, create products, conserve resources, donate, & stir up distrust to lower enemy & population morals to promote surrender -
Chester W. Nimitz
-was leading the U.S. Navy authority on submarines
-he was the U.S.A last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-Admiral Chester was appointed commander in chief of the U.S. pacific fleet just after Pearl Harbor -
Douglas MacAuthor
-American 5 star general and field marshall of the Phillipino Army
-MacAuthor was chief of staff during WWII -
Isoroku Yamamoto
-Japanese Marshall Admiral and commander in chief of the combined fleet
-Played a vital role in Pearl Harbor which made Japan victorious -
Bernard Montgomery
-Senior British Army officer in the African + European war
-Commanded the British 8th army during the Euro. campaign
-was over all British troops on June 6 1944 "D Day" -
Battle of Midway
-The battle of midway pushed the war tide in favor of the alied powers since if was one of the most decisive U.S. victories against Japan
-The U.S. inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese Navy this wars the turning pain of the U.S. against Japan -
Bataan death March
-Happened after the U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers
-Allies prisoners were forced to march 65 miles to prison Campos where thousands died from disease, mistreatment and salvation -
Erwin Rommel
-Field marshal Erwin Rommel was aware of Germans most popular generals during WWI
-On D day he discussed with other officers about surrendering
-Due to his ties to plot to over throw Hitler, he was murdered -
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Island Hopping
-Was effecting the tide in favor of the allied powers b/c they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the Islands, through the offensive against the island of Guadal Canal in the Solomon Archipelago which had marked the beginning of "Island Hopping" fought between August 1942 - Feburary 1943 -
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Victory Corps
-The purpose of this students organization was to prepare high school students to aid in the war effort on home front
-Both girls and boys from white & African Americans schools participated -
Omar Bradley
-Was a senior officer of the U.S. Army
-He was in service in North America and Western Europe During WWII
-He then became General of the 1st American Army to land in France -
Dwight D Eisenhower
-He was a supreme commander of allied forces
-led the massive invasion of nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-day (June 6, 1944)
-leading republicans convince Eisnhower to run for president -
George Patton
-Led the US 7th army in its invasion of sicily and swept across northern France
-Pattons forces played a key role in defeating the German counter Attack in the battle of bulge
-Patton died in Germany in December 1945 of injuries sustained in an automobile accident -
Koremastsu vs U.S.
-Fred Koremastsu, a Japanese US citizen refused to leave home in San Leandro, CA
-Court decided the nations security concern out-weighed the constitution promise of equal rights -
D-day
-effected the war tide for the allies positively b/c the battle foreshadowed the end of hitlers dream of Nazi domination
-D Day was the largest air land and sea operation undertaken, the landing included over 5,000 ships, 11,000 airplanes and over 150,000 servuce men -
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Potsdam Conference
-Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, & U.S. president Harry Truman
-Met in Potsdam, Germany to negotiate terms for the end of WW2
-Agreements on German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries, divided Germany into 4 sectors -
Women and Minority
-while the men went to fight in the war the women were left to work in the factories. After the war men came back to reclaim their positions at factories but the women didn't feministic movement -
Truman's "Fair Deal"
-The deal was set to target solutions does National Health Insurance, public housing, civil rights legislation & federal & to education