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On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that separate-but-equal facilities were constitutional. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision upheld the principle of racial segregation over the next half-century. The ruling provided legal justification for segregation on trains and buses, and in public facilities such as hotels, theaters, and schools. The impact of Plessy was to relegate African Americans to second-class citizenship.
https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep163537/ -
The Supreme Court's opinion in the Brown v. Board of Education case of 1954 legally ended decades of racial segregation in America's public schools. Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" set by the Supreme Court nearly 60 years earlier.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board -
Engel v. Vitale is the 1962 landmark Supreme Court decision that struck down prayer in public schools. The federal government could neither establish religion at the federal level nor disestablish religion in the states. United States, the Supreme Court defended a strong separation of church and state in 1947, the Supreme Court constitutionalized the "wall of separation between church and State" applying the Establishment Clause to State law.https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/engel_v._vitale_(1962)
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lawsuit filed against the District of Columbia in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The court ruled that students with disabilities must be given a public education even if the students are unable to pay for the cost of the education.[1] The case established that "all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities"
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/348/866/2010674/ -
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity) discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance
https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/sex-discrimination/title-ix-education-amendments/index.html -
Section 504 is a federal law designed to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive Federal financial assistance Section 504 forbids organizations and employers from excluding or denying individuals with disabilities an equal opportunity to receive program benefits and services. It defines the rights of individuals with disabilities
to participate in, and have access to, program benefits and services. assistance.https://www2.ed.gov/504 -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (referred acronyms EAHCA or EHA, or Public Law (PL) 94-142) enacted in 1975. all public schools accepting federal funds provide equal access to education for children with physical / mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan that would emulate as closely as possible the educational non-disabled students amendment to Part B of the Ed of the Handicapped Act enacted in 1966 -
The Supreme Court invalidated a Texas statute that denied state funds to local school districts for the education of children unlawfully admitted to the United States and authorized local school districts to deny enrollment to such children because the statute violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/plyler_v_doe -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government' programs and services.
https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/disability/ada -
the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability. On December 3, 2004, President Bush signed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, a major reauthorization and revision of IDEA. The law preserves the basic structure and civil rights guarantees of IDEA but also makes significant changes in the law.
https://sites.ed.gov › idea
