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Established a Three-tiered Judicial Structure
1. District courts
2. Circuit courts
3. Supreme Court -
Both state and national governments were equal authorities operating within their own spheres of influence
Strict reading
National government only had powers listed in Constitution -
Began to expand the power of the Supreme Court
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Right of a state legislature to award a monopoly to operate a steamship line between NY and NJ -
Granted large tracts of land to states; states sold land and used money for colleges
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Ended Chinese immigration to the US
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gave Congress authority to set a federal income tax
Main source of US income -
Direct election of Senators
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The court saw Roosevelt's economic legislation as an assault on property rights ruled that some New Deal programs violated the Constitution,Roosevelt served 12 years as president (1933-1945) and packed the court with nominees
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States and national governments worked together to deal with the Great Depression
Many cases about FDR's New Deal reached the Supreme Court. -
Ruled 2nd Amendment does not protect the right to have all types of weapons
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The Supreme Court ruled that a child could be expelled for refusing to salute the American flag or recite the pledge (these actions violated the child’s religious beliefs)
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FDR required all people of Japanese descent on the West Coast to report to "War Relocation Centers" (internment camps)
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The court reversed itself and decided unity was not a sufficient reason to overrule religious beliefs.
Freedom of Speech and of the Press -
Court ruled the public’s safety was more important than rights of Japanese Americans.
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Coordinates national security policy
Brings together the top military, foreign affairs, and intelligence officials in the administration -
Empowered the federal government to actively engage in voter registration in places where voting discrimination had been found
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Established equal pay for men and women
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Government program to eliminate poverty and social inequality
Johnson created creative federalism, which released national funds to achieve national goals. -
Banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin in voting, employment, and public accommodations
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Outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Protects applicants and employees of 40+ years old from discrimination based on age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, privileges, etc. of employment.
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President must consult with Congress before sending troops
Congress can force the president to end use of military with a concurrent resolution -
Returned some authority to state governments
Ronald Reagan believed state governments could better provide services to the people -
Established the rationale for qualified immunity
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Limited police use of lethal force
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Juries must consider if the officer believed force was reasonable
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Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.
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Reorganization of agencies already in place -
Ruled 2nd Amendment right to bear arms includes the right to self defense
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Ruled 2nd Amendment applies to federal, state, and local governments; upheld 2nd Amendment
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Court ruled a ban on immigration from majority-Muslim countries did not violate the Establishment Clause