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Radical Republicans had attempted to aid blacks by passing the Civil Rights Act
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Black Americans’ quest for official racial equality began the moment Reconstruction ended
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Ku Klux Klan Act, the Civil Rights Act,Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment, racist whites ensured that blacks remained in their place.
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Compromise, effectively doomed southern blacks to a life of sharecropping and second-class citizenship.
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The landmark Plessy v. Ferguson decision, the conservative Supreme Court upheld the racist policy of segregation by legalizing “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites.
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Black leaders continued to press for equal rights.
Booker T. Washington, president of the all-black Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, encouraged African Americans first to become self-sufficient economically. Du Bois hoped that blacks would eventually develop a “black consciousness” and cherish their distinctive history and cultural attributes -
Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to challenge the Plessy decision in the courtroom
Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to challenge the Plessy decision in the courtroom -
Great Migration
Between World War I(1914-1918) and World War II(1939-1945), more than a million blacks traveled from the South to the North in search of jobs. -
Harlem Residents
Harlem neighborhood of New York City quickly became the nation’s black cultural capital and housed one of the country’s largest African-American communities, of approximately 200,000 people. Most of Harlem’s residents were poor. -
Harlem Renaissance
Artists and writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston championed the “New Negro,” the African American who took pride in his or her cultural heritage. The flowering of black artistic and intellectual culture during this period became known as the Harlem Renaissance. -
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black men served in the Allied forces and pushedracial equality and campaigned for the “Double V”
More than a million black men served in the Allied forces during World War II -
A. Philip Randolph, the president of the National Negro Congress, threatened to lead thousands of black protesters in a march on Washington to demand the passage of more civil rights legislation
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After the war, President Harry S Truman created the President’s Committee on Civil Rights and desegregated the military with Executive Order 9981.
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King’s death, combined with the increasing amount of violence, effectively ended the civil rights movement
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After decades of legal work, Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP’s chief counsel, finally managed to overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Brown decision outraged conservative southern politicians in Con
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Police arrested Parks because she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery city bus. After the arrest, blacks throughout the city joined together in a massive rally outside one of the city’s Baptist churches to hear the young preacher.
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Arkansas governor Orval Faubus chose to ignore a federal court order to desegregate the state’s public schools and used the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Central High School in Little Rock.
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King formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to rally support from southern churches for the civil rights movement
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was launched in after the highly successful student-led Greensboro sit-in in North Carolina and went on to coordinate peaceful student protests against segregation throughout the South.
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The students helped the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organize Freedom Rides throughout the Deep South.
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Growing number of black activists had begun to oppose integration altogether.
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Black Panthers did provide valuable support to the community, their embrace of violence prompted a massive government crackdown on the group, leading to its dissolution
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Groups of both black and white Freedom Riders boarded interstate buses, hoping to provoke violence, get the attention of the federal government, and win the sympathy of more moderate whites. The plan worked
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King focused all of his energy on organizing a massive protest in the heavily segregated city of Birmingham, Alabama.
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King and the SCLC joined forces with CORE, the NAACP, and the SNCC in organizing the March on Washington
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King’s sermonic “I have a dream” speech.
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Kennedy was assassinated
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Lyndon B. Johnson pressured Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act
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Police attacked the protesters on “Bloody Sunday,” killing several activists in the most violent crackdown yet.
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Lyndon B. Johnson and Congress responded by passing the Voting Rights Act to safeguard blacks’ right to vote.
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Malcolm X was assassinated
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Black revolutionaries such as Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panthers, along with the scores of race riots that rocked America
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King traveled to the small town of Selma, Alabama to support a local protest against racial restrictions at the polls. There, he joined thousands of blacks peacefully trying to register to vote.
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Carmichael argued in his book Black Power that blacks should take pride in their heritage and culture and should not have anything to do with whites in the United States or anywhere else.
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Young white man named James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he addressed a crowd gathered in Memphis, Tennessee.
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