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White Primary is abolished in GA
The White Primary was used to limit the voting rights of the blacks after the Civil War. At this time, blacks had the right to vote in general elections, but not primary. There was nothing in US Constitution about primary elections. -
White Primary is abolished in GA (Part 2)
Since we have a one party state, by the time blacks voted in the general election, the winner had already been chosen in the primaries. This was unfair to blacks. The King vs. Chapman case ruled that the white primary was unconstitutional. That same year, blacks got the right to vote in primary elections for the first time. -
White Primary is abolished in GA (Part 3)
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Integration of Armed Forces
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed the order that integrated the armed forces. The order that said blacks had to be accepted into military plants, not permitting segregation, and it established the FEPC. This meant that the government was committing to desegregate the military. -
Integration of Armed Forces (Part 2)
In 1940 the population of the US was about 131 million. Of that 131 million, 12.6 million were African American. That equals about 10 percent of the total population. 2.5 million African American men registered for the draft in 1945. More than one million were accepted into the armed forces. -
Integration of Armed Forces (Part 3)
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Brown vs. Board of Education
Segregation in public schools was normal in America in the 1950’s. Most black schools were far less equal compared to the white schools in their district. In Topeka, Kansas, Linda Brown, a black third-grader had to walk one mile to her all black school. Even though a white elementary school was closer. -
Brown vs. Board of Education (Part 3)
This overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. The effect was that the Supreme Court removed the "separate but equal" policy of for public education. This resulted in schools all over America to desegregate. -
Brown vs. Board of Education (Part 4)
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Brown vs. Board of Education (Part 2)
Then Linda’s father tried to sign her up in the black school, but he was told no by the principal. Oliver Brown then went to the head of Topeka's NAACP to ask for help. The NAACP was happy to help the Browns because they wanted to integrate schools also. In 1951, the NAACP asked for a law that wouldn’t allow the segregation of Topeka's public schools. This overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. -
The Murder of Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a fourteen year old boy. He was used to minor segregation, but none like in Mississippi. He was dared to talk to a white woman in a store. As he left, he said, "Bye baby" to the owner's wife. A few days later, two men can to Emmetts Uncle's house. They took Emmett and killed him. The result was that blacks in the north saw what was happening to blacks in the south. Website:(http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/emmett.html) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/7p52a8y -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
When Rosa Parks refused to move into the black section on a public bus, she was jailed. One day after her arrest, Parks was bailed out. Edgar was the president of the NAACP. Then a member of the Womens Political Council, sent out over 35,000 copies of a flyer announcing a boycott of the buses. The NAACP and Edgar Nixon were behind Parks and the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) in their efforts to begin a boycott. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (Part 2)
At Park’s trial, she was found guilty of all charges. Her total fines and court costs added up to $14. She chose to appeal the conviction, which meant that she was challenging the laws of segregation. The result of this incident was that busses weren’t allowed to be segregated any longer. Websites:(http://www.rosaparksfacts.com/montgomery-bus-boycott.php) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/7o9nesp) -
Change to Georgia's state flag
John Sammons Bell began campaigning to get a new state flag. They wanted to incorporate the Confederate flag into the Georgia state flag. On this flag, two thirds of the flag are stars and bars. They decided to get a new flag to incorporate everything that was important to Georgia at that time. Website:(http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2671) Picture:(http://sos.georgia.gov/archives/museum/images/gaflag.gif) -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine"
On the first day of high school, nine black teenagers tried to enter a white school. They were: Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth Eckford, Melba Pattillo, Jefferson Thomas, Ernest Green, Minniejean Brown, Carlotta Walls, Terrence Roberts and Gloria Ray. Today they are referred to as the "Little Rock Nine”. When the teens tried to gain entrance to the high school, they were kept out for the first day of class. -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine” (Part 2)
On that same day, Daisy Bates, a civil rights activist, told the students that she and the nine students would walk into the school at the same time. Elizabeth Eckford, one of the nine students that didn’t have a phone, walked in the front entrance of the school. She was immediately greeted by an angry mod. Luckily, two white students help escort her out before she was injured. Then when the remaining eight tried to get into the school, they were also not allowed to enter -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine" (Part 3)
Even though the nine students were under constant threat, they continued the school year. They each had their own guard. Websites:(http://littlerock.about.com/cs/centralhigh/a/Integration.htm) Pictures:(http://extras.mnginteractive.com/live/media/site36/2007/0925/20070925_115713_LittleRockNineFile.jpg) -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed (Part 2)
People in favor of segregation sometimes reacted violently, targeting churches and synagogues that promoted integration. The Temple in Atlanta was the fourth synagogue in the Southern United States to be bombed in that year. Because of what was happening in Georgia at this time, it made The Temple have a big target on its back. It was bombed because the Rabbi had led a social activist meeting there. Website:(http://tinyurl.com/7lfo6yo) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/73gxyat) -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL bombed
On October 12, 1958 fifty stick of explosive dynamite were found blown up in an entranceway to the synagogue. This synagogue was Atlanta’s oldest synagogue. It was given the name “The Temple”. Following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the South was transformed into a city of racial tension. -
Sibley Commission
At this time, most state schools had refused to integrate. The Sibley Commission was made to investigate the school integration problem. This program was led by John Sibley. Then they interviewed Georgians to see where if they wanted the schools to integrate. -
Sibley Commission (Part 2)
Surprisingly, the majority of the people that were interviewed said that they would rather have all the schools close, rather than integrating. Then the Commission allowed each individual school to choose if they wanted to integrate or not. This caused private schools to pop up around many communities. This option helped white students avoid being integrated, if they chose to pay the extra price of the private school. -
Sibley Commission (Part 3)
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Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, NC (Part 2)
Even though no particular sit-in accomplished this, they all contributed. Website:(http://www.enotes.com/topic/Greensboro_sit-ins) Picture:(http://www.sfbayview.com/wp-content/uploads/sit-down-strike-at-woolworth-lunch-counter-by-nc-at-college-students-greensboro-nc-1960-by-upi-web.jpg) -
Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, NC
Four students from the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina sat in at Woolworths store. The store manager asked them to leave since the store policy didnt alllow service to African Americans in the white only section. The four men were later known as the "Greensboro Four". The next day, more people joined the protest. On the fourth day, more than 300 people attended. Then the sit-ins to other states. Their goal was to integrate public places. -
Integration of The University of Georgia
This started when two black students, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter, entered the school to sign up for classes. The two students were admitted immediately. They weren’t harmed until the third night of their stay. On the third night, white students threw bottles and bricks where Hunter was staying. That night they were escorted back to Atlanta. -
Integration of The University of Georgia (Part 2)
Just a little while later, teachers wanted the students to return. Website:(http://desegregation.uga.edu/history/) Picture:(http://blog.dlg.galileo.usg.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/redandblack.jpg) -
Freedom Rides
The CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) tried out a new way to integrate public transportation. This was referred to as “Freedom Rides”. On May 4, 1961, the first Freedom Ride took place. It involved seven blacks and six whites. They rode on trains to try and test that segregation in bus and rail stations was unconstitutional. In the first week, the riders encountered only little trouble, but in the second week, the riders were severely beaten. -
Freedom Rides (Part 2)
Then the CORE decided that they couldn’t watch the riders get beaten anymore. This caused the leaders of CORE to send volunteers with the riders. Even though the riders were hurt and many got jail time, they spread the message that transportation facilities need to be integrated. Website:(http://tinyurl.com/88fnszu) Picture:( http://mdah.state.ms.us/freedom/images/dc_crop.jpg)Website:(http://tinyurl.com/88fnszu) Picture:( http://mdah.state.ms.us/freedom/images/dc_crop.jpg) -
Albany Movement
In 1961, workers that belonged to the NAACP and SNCC decided sit in the “whites only” section of Albany’s bus station. With all of the arrests, this promoted the Albany Movement. This was led by Dr. William Anderson. Then in December, Freedom Riders arrived in Albany, Georgia. They too sat in the “whites only” section. -
Albany Movement (Part 3)
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Albany Movement (Part 2)
All members were arrested and jailed. This process went on for many months. At one point, 500 people were either jailed or out on bond. Even Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed. Every time MLK was jailed, someone would bail him out. This interfered with the protest because they couldn’t get publicity since he wasn’t in jail. The end result was that even though there wasn’t an immediate desegregation, there was a biracial committee formed. -
Birmingham, AL protests (Part 2)
Stores were desegregated, jobs opened up for African Americans, and a biracial committee was set up. Website:(http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/birmingham_1963.htm) Picture:(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Birmingham_campaign_dogs.jpg/300px-Birmingham_campaign_dogs.jpg) -
Birmingham, AL protests
Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) joined with the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR). Their mission was to bring attention to the unfair treatment of African-Americans. They accomplished this goal by targeting small businesses instead of the whole city like in the Albany Movement. They used sit-ins and marches to express their opinions. The end result was that desegregation began slowly. -
Assassination of Medgar Evers
Evers volunteered in the Normandy invasion for the Army. After that, he joined the NAACP. He was also a social activist. Medgar Evers was also played a crucial part in finding witnesses and evidence in the Emmett Till case. He was murdered in his driveway in Mississippi. He was shot by white supremacist Byron De La Beckwith. Website:(http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/medgar-evers-assassinated) Picture:(http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51AcKq6R2IL._SL500_AA300_.jpg) -
March on Washington DC
On August 28, 1963, over 200,000 people took part in the March on Washington. The goal was to promote equality and give African-Americans independence. At this, MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech. This march not only caused the public to view the problem differently, it impacted civil rights. This non-violent protest led to many other protests that helped blacks. -
March on Washington DC (Part 2)
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16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed
On September 15, 1963, the 16th Street Baptist Church was bombed. This was a black church in Birmingham, Alabama. The explosion killed four young girls. At this time, public places had started to integrate, but not everybody agreed with getting rid of segregation. The church was a target because it was a meeting place for civil right activities. Things really got bad when the SCLC and the CORE joined together in an effort to let African Americans vote in Birmingham. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed (Part 2)
Members of the Ku Klux Klan planted a box of dynamite under the steps of the church. The end result was four killed, 22 injured, and a hole through the side of the church. Website:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing) Picture:(http://www.bplonline.org/resources/digital_project/SixteenthStBaptistBomb05.jpg) -
John F. Kennedy assassination
JFK, the 35th president, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The assassinator was Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was then killed by Jack Ruby before he could have a trial. Many believe that the shots were fired because of a conspiracy theory. Website:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) i/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Picture:(http://crimemagazine.com/images/539w.jpg) -
The muder of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner (Part 2)
After four decades after the murders, Edgar Ray Killen was said to be in charge of the killings. When he was 80 years ols, he was sentenced to 60 years in prison. Website:(http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmjustice4.html) Picture:(http://i.infopls.com/images/FBIcivilmissing.jpg) -
The muder of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerener were civil rights workers. They were in Mississippi to register black voters. They were also there to see why a black church burned down. They were killed because a conspiracy between the law enforcement and the Ku Klux Klan. When the FBI arrested the 18 men, the state wouldnt accept their case because of lack of evidence. Then the federal government stepped in. At first, all of the mean got a sentence less than six years. -
Civil Rights Act 1964 passed
On July 2, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This prohibited segregation in public places, helped with the integration of school, and didn't allow discrimination in the work place. Website:(http://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97Picture:(http://outandemployed.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/eeopost4.jpg) -
Selma to Montgomery March
On March 7, 1965, almost 600 people headed east out of Selma. This day is referred to as "Bloody Sunday". They were protesting voting rights. They got six blocks away when the officers started to attack them. Then, the lawmen pushed them back to Selma. Then, on the third march, they went all the way to Montgomery. Tons more people joined them. Then President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. Website:(http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al4.htm) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/883t8ke) -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
Even though the fifteenth and nineteenth amendment had given male and female blacks the right to vote, there were still obstacles. They used poll taxes, literacy tests, and other tests that wouldn’t let the blacks pass the test so they could vote. On August 6, 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed (Part 2)
The law banned the voter registrations and tests that would limit the voting population. The law also didn’t allow expanded voting rights for non English speaking Americans. Picture:(http://www.sjsapush.com/resources/cec8bf9ac3e92c16aba43b9e74c2730a.jpg) Website:(http://core-online.org/History/voting_rights.htm) -
Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
Summerhill was started after the Civil War. The majority of the population was freed slaves or Jewish immigrants. It was considered the most successful African American neighborhood. The Atlanta Race Riot was a four day event. Stokely Carmichael was a civil rights activist that led the event. Even though there was only one death, there were 20 injuries. Website:(http://www.summerhillatl.org/summerhill-history/) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/84pzke9) -
MLK assassinated
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968. He was assassinated in the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. He was killed by James Earl Ray. When this happened, cities all over the world reacted. Atlanta's reaction was the biggest. This was because MLK had helped in our city. He not only was in our city, but he was an active social activist. Website:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.) Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/72scntt) -
All GA schools are integrated
When all GA schools were integrated, it was a great relief. When students were trying to integrate schools by entering white only schools, they were met by mobs, crowds, and other groups that could harm them. When UGA integrated, all the other schools saw how they could get along and they integrated. Picture:(http://tinyurl.com/7ofqddw) Website:(www.georgiaencyclopedia.org)
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