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Darius - Supported monarchy (like Cyrus)
- Citizens are stupid, democracy is bad
- Oligarchs are greedy, will fight each other
Otanes - Favored Democracy
- Monarchs are unchecked and out of control
- Power turns people evil
Megabyzus - Supported Oligarchy (best men)
- Monarchs are unchecked
- Citizens are stupid, democracy is bad -
Teacher of Plato
Criticized democracy, every gov't holds its own seeds of destruction (too much freedoms granted by politicians --> chaos) --> "Anything taken to its extreme leads to its polar opposite" -
Teacher of Aristotle
Author of "The Republic" - criticized democracy and outlined an oligarchy of the most virtuous (PHILOSOPHER-KINGS) -
Teacher of Alexander the Great
Believed in down-to-earth thinking through experimentation and looking at examples of what is good/bad
Declared all governments can be bad, but democracy was the "least bad" -
Lateen sails helped sailors/traders move upwards with the monsoon winds (Spring/Summer) into Asia and down in (Winter/Fall)
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Upper Niger River valley, first great West African trading state
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Held translations of Plato and Aristotle's works in Arabic and mathematical texts from India
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Built in what is now Iraq, biggest mosque at the time
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Muslim philosopher - wrote medical textbooks and expanded medical knowledge
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Seljuk Turks were nomads and mercenaries for the Abbasid Caliphate (and Fatimids). They eventually started taking more control over military and political power and took Baghdad --> crusades.
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Byzantine Emperor (Constantinople)
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Byzantines faced the Turks after being pressured, but the Turks routed Byzantines and took most of Anatolia
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Emperor Alexius (East Orthodox half) asked the Pope (Catholic half) for help against Seljuk Turks
Crusades ended up taking back Jerusalem but the Pope took Constantinople as well -
Replaced Ghana Empire (wealth off of gold/salt trade)
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Muslim scholar (Cordoba) who preserved/translated Aristotle's works
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Became Egyptian sultan in 1169, ending Fatimid Dynasty, and took control of Syria.
Invaded and took control of Jerusalem in 1187 (religiously tolerant) -
Overthrow Sunni Ali's son in 1493, expanded kingdom with cavalry/navy, became largest empire in African history by 1550
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United Mongolian kingdoms and began Muslim conquests in Central Asia and Northern China (Caspian Sea to Sea of Japan)
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Founder of Mali
Captured Ghana capital in 1240 and created a strong central gov't -
Brother of Kublai Khan, expanded Mongol Empire after taking Persia and Mesopotamia, destroyed Baghdad, killed around 1mil Muslim, and failed to take Egypt.
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Genghis Khan grandson
- conquered Song Dynasty, established Yuan Dynasty -
Mali ruler, doubled the size of the kingdom and ruled through provinces. Known for generous Islamic Hajj to Mecca.
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Wealthiest South African state, traded gold to Swahilis which made it up all the way to Kublai Khan
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Arab traveler (Kilwa, Mogadishu, Mombasa) recorded information about East African ports and Mali Empire
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Influential Muslim scholar/historian
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Replaced Mali as dominant West African trading state
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Established a new Songhai dynasty in 1464, conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, took control of gold/salt trade
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Portuguese sailor who established sea trade route to Asia in 1498