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King John signed
Moved rule of man to rule of law
Included taxation and trail provisions -
Required monarchs to obtain Parliamentary approval before new taxes
Government could not unlawfully imprison people or establish military rule during times of peace -
Renewed conflicts and rebellion between the Crown and Parliament
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William and Mary chosen to rule, but had to govern according to statutes of Parliament
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English bill of rights is passed
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British soldiers fired into crowd
5 colonists died -
Revolutionaries dumped British Tea into the harbor
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Colonists were forced to “Quarter,” or house, British troops
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Likely drawn from Virginia Declaration of Rights and inspired by John Locke
Blamed the King for a variety of issues in the Colonies
Signed by the delegates to the Second Continental Congress -
First National Government
Delegates aimed to have a confederation in which colonies kept their “sovereignty, freedom, and independence.”
Ratification delayed by argument over who would control western lands
Small states refused to ratify until they granted the entire confederation control over the lands -
Established a plan for settling the Northwest Territory
Included disputed lands
Created system for admitting states to the Union
Banned slavery in the territory
Guided nation’s western expansion -
Established a Three-tiered Judicial Structure
1. District courts
2. Circuit courts
3. Supreme Court -
Federalist paper Gazette of the United States published
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Power of judicial review
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allows the President to choose V.P.
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"Power to tax is power to destroy"
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Right of a state legislature to award a monopoly to operate a steamship line between NY and NJ
Court said only Congress has the right to regulate commerce between states -
Dred Scott
Slave who sued for his and his family's freedom after being taken to a free state
Court said that Scott, as an African-American and previously property, was not a citizen
Gave him no legal standing to sue
Called the “greatest disaster” of the Supreme Court -
Ruled segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal
“Separate but equal” doctrine -
Direct Election of senators
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Radio became the first form of electronic media
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Fed govt. can regulate commerce with tribes
Most treaties resulted in loss of land and rights from Native Americans
Native Americans granted citizenship -
Ruled 2nd Amendment does not protect the right to have all types of weapons
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Upheld Fair Labor Standards Act; Commerce Clause allows Congress to regulate employment conditions
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The Supreme Court ruled that a child could be expelled for refusing to salute the American flag or recite the pledge (these actions violated the child’s religious beliefs)
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The court reversed itself and decided unity was not a sufficient reason to overrule religious beliefs.
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U.S. President can serve up to 10 years or two 4-year terms
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Coordinates national security policy
Brings together the top military, foreign affairs, and intelligence officials in the administration -
Television replaced radio as most influential electronic media
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Ruled segregation is illegal
"Separate is inherently unequal" -
Government program to eliminate poverty and social inequality
Johnson created creative federalism, which released national funds to achieve national goals. -
187 African-American students gathered at the state capitol to protest racial injustice
Students did not end the protest when police told them to and were arrested.
Court said the state had no authority to disperse the students, as they were protesting legally. -
Outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Sets up the formal processes of Presidential Succession
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Expanded rights of people accused of crimes
"Miranda Rights" -
Struck down all state laws banning interracial marriage
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Protects applicants and employees of 40+ years old from discrimination based on age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, privileges, etc. of employment.
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Schools couldn’t prevent students from protesting the Vietnam War
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President must consult with Congress before sending troops
Congress can force the president to end use of military with a concurrent resolution -
Returned some authority to state governments
Ronald Reagan believed state governments could better provide services to the people -
the average cost of a four-year college was $30,800 (adjusted for inflation)
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Established the rationale for qualified immunity
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Limited police use of lethal force
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Juries must consider if the officer believed force was reasonable
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Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public.
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Ruled the 2nd Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms for self-defense
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Ruled 2nd Amendment applies to federal, state, and local governments; upheld 2nd Amendment
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Ruled states must grant and recognize same-sex marriage
Republican presidents have appointed most of the Supreme Court justices since 1953. -
2.3 million people were incarcerated in the United States
698 of every 100,000 Americans was in jail or prison.
The U.S. still has the highest level of incarceration in the world. -
the average cost had risen to $85,480.
As a result, Americans owe about $1.56 trillion dollars in Student Loans.
The average borrower owes about $37,000.
Some politicians have proposed bills to forgive student loan debt or make college free for everyone, just like public school. -
Black Americans were about 5.6x as likely to be imprisoned as White Americans.
Possible reasons for this imbalance include racial bias in the judicial system and community-level poverty.
The U.S. government has failed to take meaningful action about race discrepancies in prison populations.
