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Copernicus: states that the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it.
Galileo: Was able to prove Copernicus correct, his work was rejected by the Church and he was forced to recant (take back) or face execution.
Newton: Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun. . -
The Scientific Revolution (1543) changed the way people thought about the physical world around them. The same spirit of inquiry that fueled the Renaissance, led scientists to question traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. The most prominent scientists of this time include, Copernicus,Galileo, and Isaac Newton.
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MAP OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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The scientific revolution encouraged people to think for themselves.
The Scientific Revolution, championed by Copernicus, the Polish mathematician and astronomer born in 1473, changed the concept of the relationship between Man and Nature. The laws of nature according to Ptolemy and Aristotle, dictated that the heavier elements (earth and water) move downwards whereas air and fire move upwards, therefore maintaining the equilibrium; which we now know is the result of gravity. -
European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment.
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English philosopher John Locke's works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.
French philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède and de Montesquieu, was a highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is best known as an influential 18th-century philosopher who wrote the acclaimed work A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences. -
The war of independence waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe, as a fledgling, largely disconnected nation won its freedom from the greatest military force of its time.
1765 and 1783 -
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Richard Henry Lee was an American statesman from Virginia who made the motion for independence from Great Britain at the Second Continental Congress.
George Washington was a leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and was the first to become U.S. president.
Thomas Paine was an English American writer and pamphleteer whose "Common Sense" and other writings influenced the American Revolution, and helped pave the way for the Declaration of Independence. -
The revolutionary movement that marked the end to the acient regime in france.
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- A larger population created a greater demand for food and consumer goods.
- The rulers of Europe sought to raise money by taxing the nobles and clergy.
- On June 17, 1789 the bitter struggle over this legal issue finally drove the deputies of the Third Estate to declare themselves the National Assembly
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Napoleon Bonaparte
A general in the French army and leader of the 1799 coup that overthrew the Directory this marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of Napoleonic France and Europe.
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
A member of the Legislative Assembly and National Convention who held a moderate stance and believed in the idea of a constitutional monarchy.
Louis XVI
The French king from 1774 to 1792 who was deposed during the French Revolution and executed in 1793. -
Alexander I - Czar and Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825.
Gebhard Blucher - Prussian field marshal who helped the British army, led by Wellington, defeat Napoleon's forces at Waterloo.
Bourbon - A major European royal family that included the kings of France before the Revolution, as well as the royal family of Spain and other countries (like Naples) in Europe. After Napoleon was deposed, Louis XVIII (A Bourbon) was installed on the throne. -
By 1810 to 1811 Napoleom´s empire included nearly all of Europe except for the Balkans.
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