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A man named Horace Mann started a movement to bring about state-sponsored public education. It introduced a statewide property tax to fund public education. It also included a statewide curriculum and the use of local property tax to fund public education. This movement allowed students to go to public schools and learn for free. -
Homer Plessy, a white man who was one-eighth black, bought a ticket for white passengers. After refusing to move, he was arrested and taken to court to argue that "segregation itself violated the 14th Amendment." Judge John Ferguson declared the law constitutional and found Plessy guilty. The court did agree with the principle of "separate but equal." The impact changed and created a precedent that "separate" facilities for black people and white were constitutional as long as they were "equal." -
Measurement of an Individual is now known as IQ testing. A French psychologist Alfred Binet started developing a standardized test of intelligence. It was designed to determine if students need to be placed into a special program for extra help or if a student is advanced for their age group. It was also designed to help students prepare for college. After this event, testing programs became more common statewide. -
Oliver Brown was a parent who filed a lawsuit against the school board for not allowing his daughter to enroll. Brown claimed that schools for Black children were not equal to white schools and that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. This led to segregated schools to end, allowing colored students to enroll in any school, giving them an equal education. -
This case showed how school initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment. The New York Court of Appeals found that “there was a sufficient separation of church and state so that the First Amendment was not infringed.” In those decisions, voluntary recitation was invoked. Overall, the U.S Supreme Court voted that prayers written by the state denied the Establishment Clause and violated the U.S. Constitution. -
Title IX stated that no man or woman could be excluded from a school program based on their sex. As a result, title IX gave female students and faculty more opportunities than before. Title IX protects against Discrimination for both males and females. Title IX applies to all educational institutions, both public and private. -
The San Francisco School District decided not to provide non-English-speaking students with a way to advance their English proficiency, despite all public school classes being English. This violated the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act. The court ruled with bilingual instruction to help non-native English speaking students improve their English language competency. It also pushed public schools to develop plans to increase students linguistic skills for English as a second language. -
The Texas Legislature revised its education laws to refuse registration in their public schools and delay any state funds for the education of children who were not "legally allowed" in the country. The district court found that denying undocumented children would save money. It would not improve the quality of education. The court concluded that illegal aliens were entitled to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Texas legislation violated it. -
It is now called the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It requires public schools to provide appropriate educational services for all children with disabilities between ages 3 and 21. Funds are granted to states with special education programs that comply with federal guidelines. These guidelines outline only the minimum standards that states must meet to get the funds. The IDEA allows students with disabilities to get a high level of education they could receive. -
After having their stories being deleted without warning, the students believed this violated First Amendment. Taking their case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District. The Court said the school has power to remove articles. The students appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Unsatisfied with the result, the school appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Ending with public schools do not allow student speech if it is inconsistent with their educational mission. -
The act allows several federal education programs that are conducted by the states. It reauthorized the elementary and secondary education act. The states must test students in reading and math in grades 3–8 and once in high school. All students are required to meet or exceed state standards. The primary focus of No Child Left Behind is to close student achievement gaps by presenting all students with a fair, equal and opportunity to receive a high-quality education -
This case affirms the action of admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. The witness argued that it discriminated against her based on race, violating the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The decision authorized the use of racial preference in student admissions to increase student diversity. The Court ruled that the use of affirmative action in school admission is constitutional if it treats race as one factor among many.