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The Printing Press was created by Johannes Gutenburg to help create books faster and to improve literary rates, as it was able to make many copies of one page. This is important because Luther was able to print the 95 Theses from this, which helped convert many people to Lutheranism. -
The Caravel was a ship built during the age of exploration, which used lateen sails. This modification made it more suitable for longer voyages. This is important because many of the voyages took well over a year, and those most likely wouldn't have been possible without this ship. -
The Tudors included Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. They were important because they had a big effect on religion, switching the religion of England between Catholicism and Anglicanism many times, and causing many debates over what the correct religion was.
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Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa, which he at first called "The Cape of Terrible Storms". The name was quickly changed to "The Cape of Good Hope" to encourage people to keep exploring. This was a super important discovery because everyone was trying to find where Africa ends, and after a long 20ish years, he finally found it.
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Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, and died around 10 years later thinking that he discovered India instead. This discovery is important because it showed to the Europeans that there was a lot more land out west, and they should be taking advantage of it. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas was established by the Pope and granted Spain the west side of the world, and Portugal the east side. This is important because Ferdinand Magellan wanted to prove that the world is round, which led to him being the first person to circumnavigate the world. -
Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, and called it the "South Sea". This is important because it proved that there was more ocean than just the ones surrounding Europe.
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Martin Luther found many issues with Catholicism and put them on the church. This is important because after many people saw these issues, they converted to a different religion (like Lutheranism). -
Hernan Cortes sailed for Spain, and imprisoned Montezuma (and later killed him) when he reached Mexico. This is important because Montezuma was their leader, and whenever a leader dies that normally causes commotion and chaos.
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This meeting was called the Diet of Worms, and it declared Luther a heretic. This was the first ever debate over church power abuse, and it was Charles V vs Luther. This is important because assassins were set out to kill Luther due to him being a heretic, so he had to go into hiding for many years. -
On his goal to circumnavigate the globe, Ferdinand Magellan was very close to completing it. He stopped at the Philippine islands, and decided to join the war that was going on there. He ended up dying, but a few members from his crew were still able to make it back to Europe. This is important because it shows how easily you can die by being dumb, and his dreams of circumnavigating the world were crushed by some silly incident. -
Luther translated the Bible into German to help make it more accessible to all people in the Holy Roman Empire. This is important because it brought the Bible to so many more people, and the German literacy rates skyrocketed. -
Using the Triangular Trade route, Europeans were taking people from Africa. Then they would send them to America and they would be used as slaves. King Afonso was the king of Congo, Africa, and sent a letter to Europe asking them to stop enslaving his people. This is important because so many people were taken from Africa, reaching 1 million in the 1600's and hitting 10,000,000 by the 1800's.
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Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas by sending an army of around 180 men. This army brought weapons that the Incas had never seen before, and they also gave the Incas diseases. This is important because the defeat of their city led to more expeditions exploring the rest of South America. -
King Henry VIII made Thomas Cranmer the Archbishop of Canterbury, one of the most honorable positions. He did this because he wanted to annul his first wife (Catherine), but the old pope wouldn't let him. This is important because both Henry and Thomas had a significant role in creating Anglicanism using their power.
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The Council of Trent was made to root out corruption and reform the church. It got lots of leaders of Europe together to talk about these issues and try to make a change. This is important because it scared people of protestant religions to convert back to Catholicism by creating a law that said that you must practice Catholicism "correctly" (and these protestant religions weren't "correctly").
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Edward VI created the Book of Common Prayer, which was the "bible" of the Anglican Religion. This is important because it really established the fact that Anglicanism was a good and worthy religion, and may inspire more people to convert over to Anglicanism. -
After being an Anglican country through the reign of Henry VIII and Edward VI, Mary Tudor finally changed the religion back to Catholicism. One of the first things that she did as queen of England was execute Thomas Cranmer because he annulled her parent's marriage, and because he created Anglicanism. This is important because he was one of the most important Anglican religious figures, as he helped create the religion. -
Phillip II wanted to marry Elizabeth I because he wanted to keep his connection with England after Mary I died (his previous wife). Elizabeth rejected him due to their conflicting religions. This is important because it shows a lot about the queen of 40 years, and shows how she is very reserved and diligent.
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The Elizabethan Compromise was the first grand religious compromise, which allowed both Catholicism and Anglicanism. There was a twist, as you could only convert from Catholicism to Anglicanism, but couldn't convert from Anglicanism to Catholicism. This is important because Queen Elizabeth was trying to eliminate Catholics subtly, but also have Catholics think of her as a good Queen as she was allowing their religion even through she was Anglican.
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The French Wars of Religion were a series of eight wars, all within the 1500s. There were many attempts at a compromise, but the ultimate one was the Edict of Nantes, which ended the wars by granting religious tolerance to Protestantism.
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The Bartholomew's Day Massacres started with police killing political leaders at Henry de Navarre and Margret de Medici's wedding. Citizens took this as a sign that they could start killing each other, and 10-20 thousand people died. This is important because many important people died, and a wedding that was supposed to be a peace treaty turned into a massacre. -
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This is important because they were both different religions, and the belief was that the winner of a war was chosen by god, and that religion of the winners was the "correct" religion (in this case Catholicism). This also weakened the Spanish economy, as they went from being one of the richest countries in the world to one of the poorest countries in the world. -
The Spanish Armada was a giant crescent formation of over 100 ships, and its goal was to get the army across the English Channel and invade England. This was unsuccessful, as with the leadership of Francis Drake, the English were able to force the Spanish to cut the anchors off of their ships by setting their own ships on fire and hurling them towards the Spanish Armada.
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Henry IV passed the Edict of Nantes to put an end to the civil wars throughout France. The Edict of Nantes ended all of these wars by granting religious tolerance to all protestant religions. This is important because it was the first peace treaty to work after many failed ones, and it helped pave the way for the rise of some Protestant religions.
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When The Dutch East India Company was created the Dutch took over many islands with spices on them. This is important because these were extremely profitable, and made the Dutch one of the richest countries for over 200 years. -
The reign of the Stuarts started with James I, had Charles I and Charles II in the middle, and ended with James II. These people were all important for various reasons, but James I and Charles I helped prepare armies for war with parliament, and Charles II and James II became king during the Restoration, and lead the country after Oliver Cromwell died.
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The Petition of Right had two main points: Charles I couldn't collect taxes without parliament, and he couldn't jail people. He ignored it after initially signing it in 1628, but was eventually forced to sign the Root and Branch in 1640, which had the same terms as the Petition of Right, and additional things as well. This is important because it really limited the power of the king, and made the governments less absolutist, giving more power to parliament.
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The Restoration was a 28 year span where the Stuarts took back over after Oliver Cromwell died. This span was important because the religion was changed to Anglicanism with Charles II and then changed to Catholicism during the reign of James II. Due to James changing the religion during this period, parliament invited the Netherlands to take over their country, and allow every religion but Catholicism.
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The Netherlands signed the Bill of Rights when being invited to take over England, which says three things: England will be a constitutional monarchy, every religion but Catholicism will be allowed, and William and Mary must share power with parliament. This is important because clearly parliament didn't want James II to rule anymore, and they also banned Catholicism in England.
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Louis XIV became the king when he was four and ruled for 72 years. He was the best absolutist ruler possible, and he had tons of people staying in Versailles, all giving him money for various things and services. He was important due to the aftermath of his ruling, when the French economy collapsed, and the War of Spanish Succession started. This proves how powerful of an absolutist ruler he was, as once he died no one else could follow in his tracks, and the economy collapsed.