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Symbolic writings before Old English
Logographic: One symbol represented a word
Syllabic: Pronunciation of a word was represented by a symbol.
Phonetic or Alphabetic: One sound was represented by one symbol.
Hebrew, Russian, Swahili and Arabic used the phonetic writing system
Some languages use a combination of writing systems to convey different kinds of information and expression.
Japanese uses 4 systems while Egyptians use 3 systems -
449: English began as Germanic transient tribes settled in England. 476 BC - 410 BC Europe was ruled greatly by the Roman Empire.
Due to the heavy pollical power of the Roman Empire, Latin was the spoken language. Words such as kitchen, wine, miles, wall and street were transformed. -
55 BC - 400 AD 100 -44 BC Julius Ceasar
Border line is represented by Hardrians Wall.
England became Roman's Western Outpost -
1290 - Expulsion of Jewish settlers from England, France, and Germany during reigns of King Henry V and King Philip II.
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Romans left Brittan after introducing 170 Words to Brittan in 410. Picts -- United Kingdom North
Scots -- United Kingdom Middle
Saxons -- United Kingdom South
Jutes -- -
Characteristics of Old English
Most Old English writings were religious, medical, legal or literary.
Monasteries often illustrated and copied manuscripts of exquisite works of art. One such example is that of Beowulf which used the modified Roman alphabet. Old English sounds gave way to technique of alliteration which is a poetic device that links sentences through words that start with the same sound. The fronting rule: When back or low vowels such as o, u or a precede an i. -
External and Internal changes which entailed Germanic language being replaced by Latin and French. Celtic language provided English influences:
Germanic and other languages were on the continent concurrently.
Secondly there were various adoptions, before and after the introduction of Christianity, in the continental language.
The third was the Celtic language influence after the Ole English period. -
Roman Catholic Church adopted Latin as its primarily language.
Pope Gregory devised concept of converting Angles to Brittan.
Augustine led Missionaries in 597 to King AEthelbert of Kent.
During Renaissance Latin influences divided Old English.
One hundred fifty words were introduced. -
600 AD - 1100 AD Germanic invasion Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
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William Normandy arrival in Kent -- September 1066
Battle of Hastings -- October 1066
King Harold Dies -- October 1066 -
Dramatic Changes
English language became language of lower class Implications for status of Middle English
1st model was that Creole language came into focus during the first part of Middle English.
2nd model was for measuring the influence of one language on another. Reading is a language that is created when speakers from different languages collaborate together to communicate. -
End of Middle English period 1476: The introduction of the printing press to England by William Caxton.
1492: Discovery of America led to global spread of English language.
1500: The beginning of Colonization after 1500. -
1066-1200 - 1st Phase
Less than 1,000 words introduced 150-1500 - 2nd Phase
English adopted by French speakers
Strongest influence of French on Middle English was because English words were added by French speakers
Approximately 10,000 nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverb words were added. -
Sociolinguistic context prominently found in text and spelling.
1258 - Henry III used French and English allowing English to gain the greater influence.
1349 - English was first used at Oxford University.
1362 - Parliament was opened by Edward III. -
Langland's Piers Plowman assisted in Spelling changes during this period. Changes such as u to aw and that of k and c, hw to wh, Also , changes that allowed deletion of certain consonants such as g, h, w, and l. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales assisted in the shifting of vowels and their lengthening as in lamb, mild and comb.
Old English pronoun changes in regard to third person plural pronouns from words. h is replaced with the initial th. -
1500 - 1700 Introduction of Printing Press by Caxton into Brittan. Shakespeare's plays came into fruition.
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Syntax remained free from changes of word order. Subject, Verb, Object, Subject pronouns Nominative subjects: Relating to nouns, adjectives and pronouns used in unison with a verb. Pleonastic subjects: Using more words that necessary to express and idea.
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Syntax: Word changes in regard to Subject, Verb, Objective along with Subject pronouns. Morphology: Pronouns change and 2nd person and verb agreements are simplified. Strong verbs became weaker such as welk alone changes to walked alone. Multiple negatives increase. Compounds become more frequent due to wealth in society.
Romance suffixes introduced. -acy, -age, -aunce, -action,-ite -ment and e as in rie. -
King Henry VIII Inaugrated
Catholic Church link cut by King Henry VIII
William Shakespear and Shakespearian English
Middle English began transition from Germanic to French. -
Queen Elizabeth I gave way to the writing influences of Drake, Walter and Riley. English spread around the world in 3 circles:
Inner: Traditional Historical and Social origins of first native speakers
Outer: Countries were colonized by Brittan
Expanding: Recognized English as foreign language Shakespeare's first of 33 plays. 993 pages long plus a preface. 1690 - John Locke's Human Understanding Essay. -
Great Vowel Shift was more solidified. Affects of socioeconomic was evident by evictions, banishment, extensive poverty in largely populated cities. Literacy, Text and Printing evidenced big changes.
Manuscripts began to include page numbers and signatures at the bottom of the pages. Pronunciation changes: sea, neat, eat, clean, read, feed, steak, break, and great.
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