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Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope just so they could look at cells and other objects that they couldn't have seen before.
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Gregor Mendel discovored the laws of inheritanse of traits by working with pea plants.
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Louis Pasteur invented alcohol to help pervent diseases, infections, and sickness.
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Johann Miescher discovered Nucleic Acid in white blood cells for pus on bandages.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan studyed fruit flies and discovered that genes were on chromosomes.
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From a fungus Sir Alexander Fleming isolated Penicillin.
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Using mice Fred Griffith proved that genetic material can be moved from one strained of bacteria to another.
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In DNA numbers , units of adenine equaled those of thymine and cytosine equaled those of guanine is what Chargaff showed.
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Beadle and Tatum can up with a rule called the "one gene produces one enzyme" Hypothesis.
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Hershey and Chase porved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary materrial by using their famous "blender experiment".
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins proved through X-ray crystallography that DNA is indeed a double helix.
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The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick.
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The circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria was found out to be Plasmid DNA by Hayes.
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Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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Bacterial restriction enzymes cut Dna this was discovered by Arber, Nathans, and Smith.
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The 64 condons ( the triplet code of 3 bases in DNA) for the 20 amino acids making up proteins was discovered by Khorana and Nirenberg.
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Vinograd Purified and isolated DNA Pladmids.
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THe first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli was responsibly founded by Madel and Higa.
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Boyer and Cohen conducted cloning experiments.
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The worlds first genetic engineering company, Genentech, was founded.
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Paul Berg, the Key organizer, and 140 other scientists met up to draw guidelines for working with recombinant DNA in microorganisms.
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Given an unknown piece of DNA, Sanger and Gilbert were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine and found a way to swquence DNA.
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A synthetic insulin gene was inserted into e. coli by Boyer.
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes was founded by Botstein.
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Loise Joy Brown was the frist human baby born from in a vitro ferilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish and once the egg is fertilized it gets implanted into a womb.
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A huge startup for the biotech companies was when the U.S. Superme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented.
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The frist transgenic animals were made at Ohio University by scientists.
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A human Insulin gene was placed inside bacteria by Eli Lilly Company.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with the Agrobacterium-Mediated gene transfer.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was invented to amplify DNA in the laboratory by Kary Mullis.
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases.
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Speeding up the labor-intense process an Automated Fluorescence Sequencer was invented.
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The use of a gene fun is were genes were moved into an organism.
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants with Agrobacterium-Mediated gene transfer.
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RNA inerferenced, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans was discovered by Andrew Fire and Criag Mello.
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Monoclonal anitbody (MAb) technology was used by Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne.
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"Yeast artificial chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins was invented by Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington University.
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Dolly the sheep was cloned from an adult cell of a ewe at the Rolin Institute in Scotland. The Person who cloned Dolly was Ian Wilmut.
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Looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed with DNA microarray (DNA chip) technology.
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What greatly sped up the Human Genome Project was Dabiri and Garer's invention an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers.
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Ron Breaker coined the term Riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression.
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The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequncing of other genomes , Announcement was made of the completion of the Human Genome Project (initiated in 1990) by Francis Collins and Craig Venter.
