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Homer Plessy, a mixed resident of New Orleans, bought a railroad ticket and boarded in the whites-only section. He was asked to vacate it and sit in the blacks-only, which he refused. Plessy was claimed to violate Louisiana's Separate Car Act and ultimately lost his case with a conviction sustained by Louisiana Supreme Court. In May 1896, the Supreme Court officially issued a 7-1 decision against Plessy. -
The Sisters of the Holy Names and Hill Military Academy separately sued Walter Pierce, the governor of Oregon, and the state attorney general. They held the assertion that their business would suffer based on law, and the state of Oregon was violating specific 1st and 14th Amendment rights. This was because the United States Supreme Court decision required all Oregon children to attend public school. The school won its case and impacted all children state-wide. -
Linda Brown was denied entrance to Topeka's all-white elementary school. Brown's attorney argued that the operation of schools, based on race, was harmful to children. On the other hand, attorneys for Topeka argued that the separate schools for nonwhites were equal and were following the Plessy standard. Chief Justice Warren exposed that separate but equal facilities were unequal and violated the 14th Amendment, resulting in a victory for the Brown family. -
This decision denied the Arkansas School Board the right to delay desegregation for 30 months. Following the Brown v. Board of Education, school districts opposed the rulings and did not attempt to desegregate their schools. The district court granted the school board's request, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed that decision after the NAACP appealed. -
This act was passed by the 89th U.S State Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It provides federal funding to primary and secondary education and emphasizes equal access to education. This act was created to shorten the achievement gap and bring equal quality education.
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Students planned to wear black armbands at school to silently protest against the Vietnam War, but the principal said students would be punished if they participated. Students were suspended and created a debate on their constitutional rights on school grounds. The plaintiff, Mary Tinker, argued that the 14th Amendment protects people from state infringement of their 1st Amendment rights to free speech. The court's 7-2 decision held that the First Amendment applied to public schools. -
This is a federal civil rights law in the United States that prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money. The legislative is originally authored by Representative Patsy Mink and Representative Edith Green. It increased athletic opportunities for female students, was used to support victims of sexual harassment/violence in schools, and brought support for transgender students. -
Edward H. Steinman reached out to Chinese students with limited English proficiency and filed a class action suit against Alan H. Nichols, the president of SFUSD. The court ruled in favor of Lau, stating that non-English speaking students were not able to understand class material and were deprived of having a meaningful education. Schools were provided with specified methods and approaches to provide a meaningful education to students with limited English proficiency. -
This act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975. It required all public schools that accepted federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal per day for children with physical or mental disabilities. Schools were also required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan with parent input. -
A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States struck down both a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant students and a school district's attempt to charge a one thousand dollar tuition fee. This fee would make up for the lost state funding per child. This case has been limited to K-12 schooling. Any restriction on the rights for children based on their immigration status must be examined to determine if it furthers a government interest. -
Parents filed an action in Federal District Court against the School Committee and against certain state school officials when the school committee would no longer fund their child's placement in the special education program. The Supreme Court ruled that these claims cannot be asserted where the EHA protects the rights and provides the remedies in which handicapped plaintiffs seek.
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This case overturned a District Court ruling that required the state of Missouri to correct intentional racial discrimination in Kansas City Schools. The Supreme Court majority interpreted Brown v. Board of Education and argued that the lower courts exceeded their authority in ordering measures. This would be fixed with funding salary increases and remedial education programs.
