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It makes the start of the European Reformation.
For him, salvation was free and one did not have to pay anything to obtain it. -
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William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English. -
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creation of the anglicane church with Henry VIII as supreme leader
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Henry decided that the monasteries were symbol of popery
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Mary restored catholicism
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Church organization abolished the authority of the pope. Elizabeth became "supreme governor of the church of England", and she restored the authority of the queen over the church. -
religious belief every parish had to use the book of common prayer. People who did not attend an Anglicane service were fined. -
3 important changes: a new ecclesiology a never doctrine of salvation, a new definition of sacrements, and of the mass still in use today
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Rebellion against religious reforms. An attempt to replace Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. It was crushed -
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It called Elizabeth "The so-called queen" "heretic favoring heretics"
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Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie and this group. -
She was wearing a bright red dress, the color of Catholic martyrs -
The queen made a speech in Tilbury, Essex in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada. -
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consequences of the war: a huge strain on finances
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11 years when the king ruled without calling parliament. Historians called it " the eleven years tyranny".
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a document voted by parliament after heated debates. it summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I. -
4 key factors leading to Civil War:
Religious divisions
Financial problems
Relations between King and Parliament
Governing three kingdoms
Made worse in the 1620s by:
Thirty years’ war
Charles’ personality
The Scottish Rebellion -
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Between two reigns, between two kings.
England declared a "commonwealth"= governed by its people without a king.
But failure to reach stability led to the creation of a "military protectorate" ruled by Cromwell.
During the interregnum, many experiments with republican forms of government. But main problem: any republican regime needed the support of both : The propertied classes who wanted stability and order
The army who wanted religious toleration and reforms -
The Quaker James Nayler was convicted for blasphemy and harshly -
England's first and only written constitution
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his son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months. this led to a period of Anarchy
7 governments in less than a year.
People longed for a return to order, increasing for monarchy -
it promised:
a general amnesty
to continue religious toleration
to share power with Parliament
in return for the restoration of monarchy -
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Rumor of a plot organized by the French to murder Charles 2 and replace him by his catholic brother James 2 -
Parliament attempted to debar James 1 from the succession to the English throne
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In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown!
He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted. James II fled to France and William became King William III -
The Bill of Rights limited the monarch's power for the first time -
Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heir
Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain -
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain -
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Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States -
Britain at war with France Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives
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an uprising against British rule in Ireland
Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
Rebels defeated (/atrocities) -
Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -