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400
The Socratic Method
<a href=>http://kognitifterapi.com/cbtistanbul/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/element1.pdf'</a> >Overholser, J. C. (1993). Elements of the Socratic method: I. Systematic questioning. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(1), 67-74</a>400 B.C. The world's first teacher leads students in learning by promoting intellectual dialogue about how the world works. The elements of the Socratic method include systematic questioning, inductive reasoning, and universal definitions (Overholser, 1993). Systematic questioning is still a central component to psychotherapy and education. Systematic questioning draws knowledge from the student's mind as well as exposes deficiencies in one's understanding. -
Period: 400 to
the history of instructional technology
note: this timeline starts at 400 BC but I couldn't set the timespan accordingly -
Jan 1, 1440
Gutenberg's printing press
Amthor, G. R. (1992). Multimedia in education: An introduction. THE Journal (Technological Horizons In Education), 19(10), S32.The printing press was invented, changing information movement forever. The printing press allowed for mass production of written works, which in turn gave birth to modern education by standardizing the knowledge shared and communicated. Instead of simply relying on verbal communication that took on the identity of the speaker, the written word is cast permanently leading to a universal understanding of the state of human knowledge. The printing press was the first form of instructional tech. -
The motion picture projector
Sultana, S., Amer, H., Johnson, R., Soderlund, T., & Draper, D. (2015). Acme Portable Motion Projector: Wile E. Coyote's learning device? TechTrends,59(3), 15-16.Early 1990s -- In the early 1900s, motion picture technology became useful in the classroom with the invention of the portable motion projector. The Rochester, NY school district was the first to incorporate motion picture into the classroom (Sultana et al, 2015). This technology afforded excellent engagement opportunities to introduce learning (Bybee, 2006). It also allowed for visual representation of that which could not be brought to the classroom like remote locations... -
Programmed Instruction
Skinner, B. F. (1954). The science of learning and the art of teaching.Cambridge, Mass, USA, 99-113.Skinner, a behavioral psychologist to whom behaviorism is largely accredited is also noted as the seminal author in programmed instruction (Skinner, 1954). The concept of programmed instruction is aligned with conditioned learning in which learning is characterized as a behavior that is cultivated through reinforcement and punishment. As televisions become increasingly prominent and relevant to the daily life of Americans, the television becomes a teacher of programmed instruction. -
Sesame Street
Clark, R. E. (2009). Translating research into new instructional technologies for higher education: The active ingredient process. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 21(1), 4-18. Can you tell me how to get…how to get to Sesame street? Programmed instruction reaches new heights with the extensive research and development that preceded the launch of this early childhood education programming. The television programming is so effective and popular, it is eventually broadcast in over 80 nations (Clark, 2009). -
Apple IIe and word processing
Becker, H. J. (1991). How computers are used in United States schools: Basic data from the 1989 IEA computers in education survey. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7(4), 385-406.Word processing brought the revolution of word printing to the individual student, but more importantly the use of Apple IIe computers in the classroom laid the groundwork for computer literacy in the late 20th century. Computer-based technologies are driving the modern educational culture in novel directions that were facilitated by this early practice-based training (Becker, 1991). -
The World Wide Web and connectivism in the 21st Century
The speed with which human knowledge Siemens, G. (2014). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. acquired is so rapid in the modern era that learning what is already known is an impossible task. In light of this staggering reality facilitated by the Internet, constructivist learning rises to new heights in which students can seek the specific knowledge desired at the click of a button. The kinesthetic intelligence is increasingly importance as the speed with which a student can access this information is the ultimate determinant of what the student is
