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Marked the beginning on the French and Indian war. Colonial troops were led by George Washington where he achieved a brief success but was soon forced to surrender to French forces.
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British officials had realized that colonial disunity was a weakness. This made Delegates from 7 colonies meet in Albany New York to discuss defense and alliance with the Iroquois. During the Albany meeting Benjamin Franklin proposed a centralized colonial government, this was known as the Albany plan and was intended to help unify the colonies. It was rejected by the colonial assemblies alongside as the British crown. It was however an early step towards colonial unity.
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Global conflict between Britain and France. In America it was fought over the control of the Ohio valley river. Britains victory allowed them to gain much new land in America. Britain was able to gain access to land west of the Mississippi. Along with their victory came a lot of debt that caused them to increase colonial taxation.
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The proclamation of 1763 was a British law set in place in order to avoid conflict with native Americans. This law forbid white settlement west of the Appalachian mountains. This caused lots of anger among the colonists, many ignored the boundary, fueling tension with Britain.
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Britain in order to raise revenue after the French and Indian war placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. It cracked down on smuggling and enforce the navigation laws more strictly.
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Britain passed the stamp act in order to help pay for the British troops stationed in colonies during the seven years war. This act was the first of its kind as it taxed the colonists directly. It was a tax on all paper materials in the colonies. It sparked widespread protests. It led to the stamp act congress (1765) and wide spread boycotts. The act also unified the colonies against British taxation without representation.
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This act required colonists to provide food and housing to British troops. Many colonists felt this was an invasion of their rights and privacy. This act heightened resentment towards the standing of a British army in peacetime.
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This act was passed the same day as the repeal of the stamp act due to boycotts. It declared that parliaments had the power to tax and legislate in all cased whatsoever.
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This was a take on imported goods and money went to pay royal governors and officials reducing colonial control over salary. It also allowed officials to search homes with writs of assistance (search warrants). It was deeply unpopular and view as invasive.
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Tensions were high between the colonists and Britain. In Boston British soldiers were stationed, and in 1770 civilians threw snowballs and rocks to taunt the soldiers. A shot rang out, and then several soldiers fired their weapons, killing 5 civilians. The Boston massacre was used as propaganda to rally anti-British sentiment. It deepens colonial distrust of standing armies and British authority.
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The Boston tea party was a protest organized by the sons of liberty in response to the tea act. This is where colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded a British ship and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. This led to britain to passed the coercive acts.
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The Tea act was law that allowed the British East Indian company to sell tea directly to the colonies. It created a monopoly to the East Indian company, and deeply angered merchants as they were being undercut. Colonies saw it as a trick to get them to accept taxation. It later led to the Boston tea party because of its unpopularity.
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These were also know as the intolerable acts. They were punitive acts passed by Britain in order to tighten control over the colonies. These acts included the Boston port act and the Massachusetts government act. The acts outraged colonists and led to the first continental congress.
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This act was also widely unpopular among colonists and viewed as apart of the intolerable acts. This act extended the boundaries of Quebec into the Ohio Valley River and granted religious freedom to catholics. It alarmed protestant colonists and was seen as a threat by colonists.
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A meeting of delegates from 13 colonies excluding Georgia to discuss responses to the intolerable acts. It resulted in boycott of British goods and the creation of the continental association. It was the first major coordinated response to British policy and showed growing unity and resistance.
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This was the continental congress' last attempt at reconciliation with Britain. It pledged loyalty to the king and asked him to protect colonial rights and prevent further fighting. King George III however rejected it, instead declaring the colonies in rebellion, pushing colonies further towards independence.
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Britain declared colonies in rebellion and cut of all trade.
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The revolutionary war began with the "shot heard around the world" at the battle of Lexington and concord. This battle would be the beginning in which British troops suffered 250 casualties and coloinsts lost 90. This battle proved that colonists would fight to defend their rights and property.
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Paul revere rode towards Lexington warning the colonists that "the regulars are out". Revere was captured by British patrol. His ride became a symbol of colonial unity and preparedness.
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Colonial militia surrounded Boston after Lexington and Concord and built fortification of Breeds hill. British general launched direct assaults against fortified positions. British eventually captured the oil on their third attempt. Resulted in British victory but at a high cost. It boosted colonial morale and convinced the colonist that full war was possible. It encouraged the 2nd continental congress to organize the continental army under command of George Washington.
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It was a pamphlet published anonymously, it was written in clear, direct language for ordinary colonists. It persuaded many to support independence it also shifted many away from reconciliation and toward a revolutionary cause. This document helped prepare many for the declaration of independence.
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Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson. It formally declared independence from Britain and outlined natural rights and revolution against tyranny.
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The articles of confederation were ratified in 1781 and created a weak central government with most power in the states. It led to political and economic instability.
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This battle was the turning pint battle in the revolutionary war. American victory proved that colonies could win major battles and convinced France to support the revolution and ally with the colonies. This provided the colonies with crucial military and financial support.
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Washington made camp for winter in valley forge where his army suffered incredible hardship, facing disease, hunger, cold, and lack of supplies. Though this winter proved to be extremely harsh it showed the colonies persistence through hardship and. it showed the troops endurance.
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It was negotiated by Benjamin Franklin and France recognized U.S. as independent and pledged military support. It marked a shift from colonial rebellion to a global conflict.
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This was the last major battle of revolution. This is where British general Cornwallis surrendered to Washington effectively ending the war resulting in American independence and victory.
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The treaty of Paris officially recognized the U.S. as independent, established boundaries to the Mississippi, and gave Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland.
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This organized survey and sale of western lands.
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This was the first attempt to address problem under the articles, however only 5 states sent delegates limiting it effectiveness.
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This document written by Jefferson officially ended ties between church and state. It set a precedent for the first amendment later.
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In a rebellion led by Daniel shays, Massachusetts farmers faced with high taxes attacked the spring field arsenal. While the rebellion was eventually put down by a state militia it proved for the need of a stronger central government capable of protecting democratic institutions.
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It created a process to which new territories could become states, banned slavery in the northwest territory, and protected civil liberties.
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This meeting was held in Philadelphia in order to revise the articles but soon just shifted towards drafting a new constitution. At this meeting many ideas were voiced such as the Virginia and New Jersey plan.
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This was an uprising by farmers in western Philadelphia against Hamiltons excise tax on whiskey. Unlike shay rebellion which was left to the state to diminish, Washington led troops to assert federal dominance.
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A treaty between the U.S and Britain to resolve any lingering issues after the revolutionary war. It was deeply unpopular as it gave little concessions, but it helped prevent war.
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This was a treaty with Spain that granted America access to the Mississippi and the right of deposit in New Orleans, boosting westward expansion.
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Laws passed under John Adams to restrict immigration it also criminalized criticism of the government. They were deeply unpopular because they were seen as violating the first amendment right.
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This was an undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France, stemming from French anger over jays treaty and the XYZ affair.
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This was a peaceful transfer of power from federalists (Adams) to democratic republicans (Jefferson), marked a new test for the constitutional system.