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Earliest civilization in Sumer develops, and the formation of the first written language begins (cuneiform)
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Emergence of Egyptian civilizations along the Nile River Valley and smaller Nubian civilization
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Indus Valley civilizations begin to thrive with the development of planned cities, standardized measures, and script
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In coastal Peru emerges and develops 25 urban centers, along with strong fishing and agriculture industries
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Environmental degradation and endemic warfare caused conquest by outside forces
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China was a centralized state from the start, and the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties expanded the Chinese state. The first written written language and Chinese culture emerged
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Central Asian civilization formed; fortified centers, irrigation + stock raising, distinct culture
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The Egyptian state was restored and pharaohs never regained their old power
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The Indus Civilization collapses, influences later nations such as Iran, India, and the eastern Mediterranean
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An influx of foreigners migrated into the Nile Valley. Egypt adopts chariot technology, new armor, + improves spinning and weaving
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Indo-Europeans bring horse-and-chariot-based armies into Mesopotamia, and conquers Babylon
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Egypt becomes and imperial state that gains authority over non-Egyptian people in Africa and Asia, and has diplomatic relations with Middle Eastern empires
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The Olmec emerges on the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 BCE, develops first written language in the Americas around 900 BCE
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The states, hierarchies, architecture, trade, and writings of the first civilizations become the foundation for later empires