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John Graunt publishes "Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality", a pioneering work in statistical analysis.
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Ronald Fisher develops maximum likelihood and many statistical tests.
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Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson develop the concept of hypothesis testing and the famous Neyman-Pearson "lemma".
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John Tukey develops exploratory data analysis, which emphasizes graphical techniques for data analysis.
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Bradley Efron develops the concept of bootstrap resampling, which is used to estimate the variance of statistical estimates.
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John Nelder and Robert Wedderburn develop the concept of generalized linear models, which are used to model a wide range of data types.
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Edward Witten and others develop the concept of causal inference, which is used to infer causal relationships from observational data.